The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
Prisoner's Dilemma
Creating Interactive Virtual Humans: Some Assembly Required
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Review on Computational Trust and Reputation Models
Artificial Intelligence Review
Multimodal expression in virtual humans: Research Articles
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds - CASA 2006
Social Effects of Virtual Assistants. A Review of Empirical Results with Regard to Communication
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
How do you like intelligent virtual agents
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies and Workshop for PhD Students in Computing on International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies
Learning backchannel prediction model from parasocial consensus sampling: a subjective evaluation
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
The influence of emotions in embodied agents on human decision-making
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
The effect of expression of anger and happiness in computer agents on negotiations with humans
The 10th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 3
A computer model of the interpersonal effect of emotion displayed in a social dilemma
ACII'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Affective computing and intelligent interaction - Volume Part I
The impact of emotion displays in embodied agents on emergence of cooperation with people
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Using emotions to enhance decision-making
IJCAI'11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Second international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume Volume One
AMDO'12 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Articulated Motion and Deformable Objects
A reasoning module to select ECA's communicative intention
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
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Moral emotions have been argued to play a central role in the emergence of cooperation in human-human interactions. This work describes an experiment which tests whether this insight carries to virtual human-human interactions. In particular, the paper describes a repeated-measures experiment where subjects play the iterated prisoner's dilemma with two versions of the virtual human: (a) neutral, which is the control condition; (b) moral, which is identical to the control condition except that the virtual human expresses gratitude, distress, remorse, reproach and anger through the face according to the action history of the game. Our results indicate that subjects cooperate more with the virtual human in the moral condition and that they perceive it to be more human-like. We discuss the relevance these results have for building agents which are successful in cooperating with humans.