The Method of Normalization to Determine Invariants
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A public verifiable copy protection technique for still images
Journal of Systems and Software
Adaptive watermark mechanism for rightful ownership protection
Journal of Systems and Software
Image copyright protection with forward error correction
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Hidden digital watermarks in images
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Digital watermarking robust to geometric distortions
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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Recently, protecting the copyright of digital media has become an imperative issue due to the growing illegal reproduction and modification of digital media. A large number of digital watermarking algorithms have been proposed to protect the integrity and copyright of images. Traditional watermarking schemes protect image copyright by embedding a watermark in the spatial or frequency domain of an image. However, these methods degrade the quality of the original image in some extend. In recent years, a new approach called zero-watermarking algorithms is introduced. In these methods, the watermark does not require to be embedded into the protected image but is used to generate a verification map which is registered to a trusted authority for further protection. In this paper a robust copyright proving scheme based on discrete wavelet transform is proposed. It uses a normalization procedure to provide robustness against geometric distortions and a cellular automaton for noise robustness. Experimental results on images with different complexity demonstrate that our proposed scheme is robust against common geometric and non geometric attacks including blurring, JPEG compression, noise addition, sharpening, scaling, rotation, and cropping. In addition, our experimental results obtained on images with different complexities showed that our method could outperform the related methods in most cases.