Automatic essay grading using text categorization techniques
Proceedings of the 21st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
On-Line and Off-Line Handwriting Recognition: A Comprehensive Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Modern Information Retrieval
ICDAR '97 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Parsing and Recognition of City, State, and ZIP Codes in Handwritten Addresses
ICDAR '99 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Automatic scoring of short handwritten essays in reading comprehension tests
Artificial Intelligence
A latent semantic analysis methodology for the identification and creation of personas
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Handwritten essays are widely used in educational assessments, particularly in classroom instruction. This paper concerns the design of an automated system for performing the task of taking as input scanned images of handwritten student essays in reading comprehension tests and to produce as output scores for the answers which are analogous to those provided by human scorers. The system is based on integrating the two technologies of optical handwriting recognition (OHR) and automated essay scoring (AES). The OHR system performs several pre-processing steps such as forms removal, rule-line removal and segmentation of text lines and words. The final recognition step, which is tuned to the task of reading comprehension evaluation in a primary education setting, is performed using a lexicon derived from the passage to be read. The AES system is based on the approach of latent semantic analysis where a set of human-scored answers are used to determine scoring system parameters using a machine learning approach. System performance is compared to scoring done by human raters. Testing on a small set of handwritten answers indicate that system performance is comparable to that of automatic scoring based on manual transcription.