Computational Complexity: A Modern Approach
Computational Complexity: A Modern Approach
EUC'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing
Anti-collusion fingerprinting for multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
MAI-Free MC-CDMA Systems Based on Hadamard–Walsh Codes
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
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Fingerprinting is used to determine originators of unauthorized copies. Multiple users may collude by creating an average or median of their individual fingerprinted copies. Early fingerprinting research including ACC (anti-collusion code) cannot support large number of users. There have been two fingerprint researches for practically large user group support: SACC (scalable ACC) scheme and MC-CDMA (multi-carrier code-division multi-access) based fingerprinting scheme. In SACC scheme, they use a codebook extending ACC using Gaussian distributed random variable and use angular decoding scheme for average, median, LCCA attack robustness. MC-CDMA scheme uses direct spreading approach for identifying large group of users. In this paper, we compare two schemes in three aspects: imaging quality, computational complexity, and user capacity. Our experimental results show that SACC scheme has achieved better imaging quality and lower computational complexity which are important for video fingerprinting performance. MC-CDMA scheme outperforms SACC in user capacity as MC-CDMA uses direct spreading based CDMA approach while SACC uses a frequency hopping based CDMA approach.