Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
A key-management scheme for distributed sensor networks
Proceedings of the 9th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Location-based pairwise key establishments for static sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Security of ad hoc and sensor networks
SeRLoc: secure range-independent localization for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM workshop on Wireless security
Energy-efficient forwarding strategies for geographic routing in lossy wireless sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Walking GPS: A Practical Solution for Localization in Manually Deployed Wireless Sensor Networks
LCN '04 Proceedings of the 29th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks
Achieving Real-Time Target Tracking UsingWireless Sensor Networks
RTAS '06 Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
LIGER: implementing efficient hybrid security mechanisms for heterogeneous sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services
Robust statistical methods for securing wireless localization in sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Attack-resistant location estimation in sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
AMSecure: secure link-layer communication in TinyOS for IEEE 802.15.4-based wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Combinatorial design of key distribution mechanisms for wireless sensor networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
LUSTER: wireless sensor network for environmental research
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Message-in-a-bottle: user-friendly and secure key deployment for sensor nodes
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Attack-tolerant localization via iterative verification of locations in sensor networks
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
A practical secure neighbor verification protocol for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the second ACM conference on Wireless network security
Secure walking GPS: a secure localization and key distribution scheme for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the third ACM conference on Wireless network security
HiRLoc: high-resolution robust localization for wireless sensor networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Proceedings of the 10th ACM international symposium on Mobility management and wireless access
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In many applications of wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes are manually deployed in hostile environments where an attacker can disrupt the localization service and tamper with legitimate in-network communication. In this article, we introduce Secure Walking GPS, a practical and cost effective secure localization and key distribution solution for real, manual deployments of WSNs. Using the location information provided by the GPS and inertial guidance modules on a special master node, Secure Walking GPS achieves accurate node localization and location-based key distribution at the same time. We evaluate our localization solution in real deployments of MicaZ. Our experiments show that 100% of the deployed nodes localize (i.e., have a location position) and that the average localization errors are within 1-2m, due mainly to the limitations of the existing commercial GPS devices. Our further analysis and simulation results indicate that the Secure Walking GPS scheme makes a deployed WSN resistant to the Dolev-Yao, the wormhole, and the GPS-denial attacks, the scheme is practical for large-scale deployments with resource-constrained sensor nodes and has good localization and key distribution performance.