IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
Distance metric learning for content identification
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Information Sciences: an International Journal
EvoCOMNET'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Applications of Evolutionary Computation - Volume Part II
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For nonstationary signal classification, e.g., speech or music, features are traditionally extracted from a time-shifted, yet short data window. For many applications, these short-term features do not efficiently capture or represent longer term signal variation. Partially motivated by human audition, we overcome the deficiencies of short-term features by employing modulation-scale analysis for long-term feature analysis. Our analysis, which uses time-frequency theory integrated with psychoacoustic results on modulation frequency perception, not only contains short-term information about the signals, but also provides long-term information representing patterns of time variation. This paper describes these features and their normalization. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our long-term features over conventional short-term features in content-based audio identification. A simulated study using a large data set, including nearly 10 000 songs and requiring over a billion audio pairwise comparisons, shows that modulation-scale features improves content identification accuracy substantially, especially when time and frequency distortions are imposed.