A formal framework for linguistic annotation
Speech Communication - Special issue on speech annotation and corpus tools
International standard for a linguistic annotation framework
Natural Language Engineering
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Evolving GATE to meet new challenges in language engineering
Natural Language Engineering
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Proceedings of the 28th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
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IJCAI'07 Proceedings of the 20th international joint conference on Artifical intelligence
GrAF: a graph-based format for linguistic annotations
LAW '07 Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop
Natural Language Processing with Python
Natural Language Processing with Python
The manually annotated sub-corpus: a community resource for and by the people
ACLShort '10 Proceedings of the ACL 2010 Conference Short Papers
Anatomy of annotation schemes: mapping to GrAF
LAW IV '10 Proceedings of the Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop
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This paper explores interoperability for data represented using the Graph Annotation Framework (GrAF) (Ide and Suderman, 2007) and the data formats utilized by two general-purpose annotation systems: the General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) (Cunningham et al., 2002) and the Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA) (Ferrucci and Lally in Nat Lang Eng 10(3---4):327---348, 2004). GrAF is intended to serve as a "pivot" to enable interoperability among different formats, and both GATE and UIMA are at least implicitly designed with an eye toward interoperability with other formats and tools. We describe the steps required to perform a round-trip rendering from GrAF to GATE and GrAF to UIMA CAS and back again, and outline the commonalities as well as the differences and gaps that came to light in the process.