Multipath virtual sink architecture for wireless sensor networks in harsh environments
InterSense '06 Proceedings of the first international conference on Integrated internet ad hoc and sensor networks
QoS and data relaying for wireless sensor networks
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks
Computer Communications
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
On relay node placement and assignment for two-tiered wireless networks
Mobile Networks and Applications
On the optimal design of two-tier wireless relay networks
Proceedings of the 11th international symposium on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems
Design of sensor networks with guaranteed connectivity and lifetime
WICON '07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Wireless internet
Geographic and energy-aware routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing
A traffic engineering approach for placement and selection of network services
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Optimal Placement of Multiple Interconnected Gateways in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks
NETWORKING '09 Proceedings of the 8th International IFIP-TC 6 Networking Conference
RWS'09 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Radio and wireless symposium
Analysis of optimal relay selection in IEEE 802.16 multihop relay networks
WCNC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE conference on Wireless Communications & Networking Conference
Capacity enhancement with relay station placement in wireless cooperative networks
WCNC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE conference on Wireless Communications & Networking Conference
An algorithm for wireless relay placement
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
On Performance of Node Placement Approaches for Hierarchical Heterogeneous Sensor Networks
Mobile Networks and Applications
Recovery from multiple simultaneous failures in wireless sensor networks using minimum Steiner tree
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
QoS-aware relay node placement in a segmented wireless sensor network
ICC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Communications
Optimized relay placement to federate segments in wireless sensor networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
International Journal of Sensor Networks
An efficient clusterhead placement for hybrid sensor networks
ADHOC-NOW'10 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Ad-hoc, mobile and wireless networks
Fast track article: Designing hierarchical sensor networks with mobile data collectors
Pervasive and Mobile Computing
Efficient energy balancing aware multiple base station deployment for WSNs
EWSN'11 Proceedings of the 8th European conference on Wireless sensor networks
A new architecture for hierarchical sensor networks with mobile data collectors
ICDCN'10 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Distributed computing and networking
An efficient relay sensors placing algorithm for connectivity in wireless sensor networks
EUC'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing
GIST: group-independent spanning tree for data aggregation in dense sensor networks
DCOSS'06 Proceedings of the Second IEEE international conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems
Optimized relay node placement for connecting disjoint wireless sensor networks
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
A 2-approximation algorithm for optimal deployment of k base stations in WSNs
IFIP'12 Proceedings of the 11th international IFIP TC 6 conference on Networking - Volume Part II
Multi-layer hybrid wired-cum-wireless sensor network design
International Journal of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems
Lifetime aware deployment of k base stations in WSNs
Proceedings of the 15th ACM international conference on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems
Adaptive k-coverage contour evaluation and deployment in wireless sensor networks
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
Establishing connectivity among disjoint terminals using a mix of stationary and mobile relays
Computer Communications
International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering
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Wireless sensor networks that operate on batteries have limited network lifetime. There have been extensive recent research efforts on how to design protocols and algorithms to prolong network lifetime. However, due to energy constraint, even under the most efficient protocols and algorithms, the network lifetime may still be unable to meet the mission's requirements. In this paper, we consider the energy provisioning (EP) problem for a two-tiered wireless sensor network. In addition to provisioning additional energy on the existing nodes, we also consider deploying relay nodes (RNs) into the network to mitigate network geometric deficiencies and prolong network lifetime. We formulate the joint problem of EP and RN placement (EP-RNP) into a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. Since an MINLP problem is NP-hard in general, and even state-of-the-art software and techniques are unable to offer satisfactory solutions, we develop a heuristic algorithm, called Smart Pairing and INtelligent Disc Search (SPINDS), to address this problem. We show a number of novel algorithmic design techniques in the design of SPINDS that effectively transform a complex MINLP problem into a linear programming (LP) problem without losing critical points in its search space. Through numerical results, we show that SPINDS offers a very attractive solution and some important insights to the EP-RNP problem.