Cyclorotation models for eyes and cameras
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
A design and research of eye gaze tracking system based on stereovision
ICIC'09 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Emerging intelligent computing technology and applications
Teleoperation through eye gaze (TeleGaze): a multimodal approach
ROBIO'09 Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on Robotics and biomimetics
Visual-context boosting for eye detection
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Study of Polynomial Mapping Functions in Video-Oculography Eye Trackers
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Internet browsing application based on electrooculography for disabled people
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Pursuit calibration: making gaze calibration less tedious and more flexible
Proceedings of the 26th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
HCI'13 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-Computer Interaction: interaction modalities and techniques - Volume Part IV
Learning gaze biases with head motion for head pose-free gaze estimation
Image and Vision Computing
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The design of robust and high-performance gaze-tracking systems is one of the most important objectives of the eye-tracking community. In general, a subject calibration procedure is needed to learn system parameters and be able to estimate the gaze direction accurately. In this paper, we attempt to determine if subject calibration can be eliminated. A geometric analysis of a gaze-tracking system is conducted to determine user calibration requirements. The eye model used considers the offset between optical and visual axes, the refraction of the cornea, and Donder's law. This paper demonstrates the minimal number of cameras, light sources, and user calibration points needed to solve for gaze estimation. The underlying geometric model is based on glint positions and pupil ellipse in the image, and the minimal hardware needed for this model is one camera and multiple light-emitting diodes. This paper proves that subject calibration is compulsory for correct gaze estimation and proposes a model based on a single point for subject calibration. The experiments carried out show that, although two glints and one calibration point are sufficient to perform gaze estimation (error ~ 1deg), using more light sources and calibration points can result in lower average errors.