Artificial Intelligence
Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions: The State of the Art
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Parametric models for facial features segmentation
Signal Processing
Spontaneous vs. posed facial behavior: automatic analysis of brow actions
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Foundations of human computing: facial expression and emotion
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Predicting student emotions in computer-human tutoring dialogues
ACL '04 Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Automatic prediction of frustration
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
The painful face: pain expression recognition using active appearance models
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
How to distinguish posed from spontaneous smiles using geometric features
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Pattern Recognition and Information Fusion Using Belief Functions: Some Recent Developments
ECSQARU '07 Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty
A Survey of Affect Recognition Methods: Audio, Visual, and Spontaneous Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
An iterative image registration technique with an application to stereo vision
IJCAI'81 Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Decision making in the TBM: the necessity of the pignistic transformation
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
ISVC'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Advances in visual computing - Volume Part I
A probabilistic framework for modeling and real-time monitoring human fatigue
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
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Automatic recognition of Pain expression has potential medical significance. In this paper we present results of the application of an automatic facial expression recognition system on sequences of spontaneous Pain expression. Twenty participants were videotaped while undergoing thermal heat stimulation at nonpainful and painful intensities. Pain was induced experimentally by use of a Peltierbased, computerized thermal stimulator with a 3 × 3 cm2 contact probe. Our aim is to automatically recognize the videos where Pain was induced. We chose a machine learning approach, previously used successfully to categorize the six basic facial expressions in posed datasets [1, 2] based on the Transferable Belief Model. For this paper, we extended this model to the recognition of sequences of spontaneous Pain expression. The originality of the proposed method is the use of the dynamic information for the recognition of spontaneous Pain expression and the combination of different sensors: facial features behavior, transient features and the context of the expression study. Experimental results show good classification rates for spontaneous Pain sequences especially when we use the contextual information. Moreover the system behaviour compares favourably to the human observer in the other case, which opens promising perspectives for the future development of the proposed system.