A vector space model for automatic indexing
Communications of the ACM
Geographical Information Retrieval with Ontologies of Place
COSIT 2001 Proceedings of the International Conference on Spatial Information Theory: Foundations of Geographic Information Science
Image Tangent Space for Image Retrieval
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 02
Text Information Retrieval Systems, Third Edition (Library and Information Science) (Library and Information Science)
Introduction to neogeography
OpenStreetMap: User-Generated Street Maps
IEEE Pervasive Computing
GeoFolk: latent spatial semantics in web 2.0 social media
Proceedings of the third ACM international conference on Web search and data mining
From frequency to meaning: vector space models of semantics
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Knowledge-based vector space model for text clustering
Knowledge and Information Systems
Semantically enriching VGI in support of implicit feedback analysis
W2GIS'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Web and wireless geographical information systems
Geographic Information Retrieval
SIGSPATIAL Special
Challenges for indexing in GIR
SIGSPATIAL Special
GeoCLEF: the CLEF 2005 cross-language geographic information retrieval track overview
CLEF'05 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Cross-Language Evalution Forum: accessing Multilingual Information Repositories
Geospatial semantics: why, of what, and how?
Journal on Data Semantics III
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In recent years, geographic information has entered the mainstream, deeply altering the pre-existing patterns of its production, distribution, and consumption. Through web mapping, millions of online users utilise spatial data in interactive digital maps. The typical unit of visualisation of geo-data is a viewport, defined as a bi-dimensional image of a map, fixed at a given scale, in a rectangular frame. In a viewport, the user performs analytical tasks, observing individual map features, or drawing high-level judgements about the objects in the viewport as a whole. Current geographic information retrieval (GIR) systems aim at facilitating analytical tasks, and little emphasis is put on the retrieval and indexing of visualised units, i.e. viewports. In this paper we outline a holistic, viewport-based GIR system, offering an alternative approach to feature-based GIR. Such a system indexes viewports, rather than individual map features, extracting descriptors of their high-level, overall semantics in a vector space model. This approach allows for efficient comparison, classification, clustering, and indexing of viewports. A case study describes in detail how our GIR system models viewports representing geographical locations in Ireland. The results indicate advantages and limitations of the viewport-based approach, which allows for a novel exploration of geographic data, using holistic semantics.