Measurement and analysis of the error characteristics of an in-building wireless network
Conference proceedings on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Measurement and analysis of a streaming-media workload
USITS'01 Proceedings of the 3rd conference on USENIX Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems - Volume 3
MPEG-4 and H.263 video traces for network performance evaluation
IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking
Playout buffer and rate optimization for streaming over IEEE 802.11 wireless networks
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP)
Application-Level middleware to proactively manage handoff in wireless internet multimedia
MMNS'05 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Management of Multimedia Networks and Services
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The popularity of multimedia streaming on the Internet, combined with the growing deployment of wireless access networks, augurs the converging usage of these two technologies in the not-too-distant future. Experience with wireless multimedia streaming on today's networks can provide valuable insights into the design of future wireless multimedia networks and applications. In this paper, we present a measurement study of RealMedia streaming traffic on an indoor IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN. The traffic is analyzed hierarchically, from the application layer to the network layer to the data link layer. We focus on the traffic structure at each layer, and on interaction effects across layers. Our main observation is that streaming quality is quite robust in all but the poorest channel conditions, despite the inherent burstiness of both the RealMedia application workload and wireless channel errors. Several factors contribute to these good results. First, although RealVideo is typically variable-bit-rate (VBR) at the application layer, it is often streamed as constant-bit-rate (CBR) at the network layer, reducing burstiness and thus the chances of packet losses due to buffer overflow in the network path. Second, while the wireless channel has bursty error characteristics, MAC-layer retransmission in 802.11b hides most errors from higher-layer protocols. Finally, the application layer's NACK-based error control is effective in recovering missing packets when needed. Our results demonstrate the viability of multimedia streaming on future wireless LANs.