Memory allocation costs in large C and C++ programs
Software—Practice & Experience
Communications of the ACM
Dynamic Storage Allocation: A Survey and Critical Review
IWMM '95 Proceedings of the International Workshop on Memory Management
Gprof: A call graph execution profiler
SIGPLAN '82 Proceedings of the 1982 SIGPLAN symposium on Compiler construction
Two iterative metaheuristic approaches to dynamic memory allocation for embedded systems
EvoCOP'11 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Evolutionary computation in combinatorial optimization
A mathematical model and a metaheuristic approach for a memory allocation problem
Journal of Heuristics
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Recently, the importance of dynamic memory management has been increased significantly as there is a growing number of development in object-oriented programs. Many studies show that dynamic memory management is one of the most expensive components in many software systems. It can consume up to 30% of the program execution time. Especially, in C++ programs, it tends to have object creation and deletion prolifically. These objects tend to have short life-spans. This paper describes an integrated study of the C++'s memory allocation behavior, a memory tracing tool and memory managements based on the empirical study of C++ programs. First, this paper summarizes the hypothesis of situations that invoke the dynamic memory management explicitly and implicitly. They are: constructors, copy constructors, overloading assignment operator=, type conversions and application specific member functions. Second, a dynamic memory tracing tool, called mtrace++, is introduced to study the dynamic memory allocation behavior in C++ programs. Third, a dynamic memory allocation strategy, called O-Reuse, to reuse the allocated objects to speed up the object management. At the later part of this paper, an automatic dynamic memory management, called GC++, is discussed. GC++ collects unreferenced objects automatically with high speed of allocation/deallocation processes. The performance gains of O-Reuse and GC++ are come from the utilization of memory allocation/deallocation behavior.