Layered construction for deformable animated characters
SIGGRAPH '89 Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Modelling objects with changing shapes: a survey
Machine Graphics & Vision International Journal
Technical Section: A sketch-based approach to human body modelling
Computers and Graphics
Anatomy-based face reconstruction for animation using multi-layer deformation
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Virtual humans: back to the future
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2012
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This article describes how the synthetic actors Marilyn Monroe and Humphrey Bogart were directed in the film Rendez-vous a Montreal, using the Human Factory software. Innovative points are emphasized. The recreation of famous persons and reconstitution of their personalities, as well as the corresponding animation, are considered from an artistic point of view. Technical points discussed are personalized expressions, abstract muscle action (AMA) procedures, expression key-frame interpolation, multitrack mixing and synchronization, automatic body mapping using joint-dependent local deformation (JLD) operators, and semi-automatic object grasping. Task-level problems are also explained. Finally, how a fifth-generation animation system might evolve is discussed.