The synthesis of cloth objects
SIGGRAPH '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Free-form deformation of solid geometric models
SIGGRAPH '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Using dynamic analysis for realistic animation of articulated bodies
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Articulated figure positioning by multiple constraints
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Principles of traditional animation applied to 3D computer animation
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Controlling dynamic simulation with kinematic constraints
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Energy constraints on parameterized models
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Interactive design of 3-D computer-animated legged animal motion
I3D '86 Proceedings of the 1986 workshop on Interactive 3D graphics
Computational modeling for the computer animation of legged figures
SIGGRAPH '85 Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Interactive skeleton techniques for enhancing motion dynamics in key frame animation
Communications of the ACM
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The motion dynamics of snakes and worms
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A modeling system based on dynamic constraints
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Hierarchical B-spline refinement
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Modeling inelastic deformation: viscolelasticity, plasticity, fracture
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Constraints methods for flexible models
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Collision Detection and Response for Computer Animation
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Realistic animation of rigid bodies
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Physically Based Models with Rigid and Deformable Components
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Global and local deformations of solid primitives
SIGGRAPH '84 Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A system for generating three-dimensional data for computer graphics.
A system for generating three-dimensional data for computer graphics.
Representation and control of three dimensional computer animated figures (graphics, robotics)
Representation and control of three dimensional computer animated figures (graphics, robotics)
The Direction of Synthetic Actors in the Film Rendez-Vous a Montreal
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Geometric collisions for time-dependent parametric surfaces
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Extended free-form deformation: a sculpturing tool for 3D geometric modeling
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Animated free-form deformation: an interactive animation technique
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
UIST '93 Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Dynamic NURBS with geometric constraints for interactive sculpting
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - Special issue on interactive sculpting
Simple constrained deformations for geometric modeling and interactive design
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - Special issue on interactive sculpting
Drawing and animation using skeletal strokes
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Volume-preserving free-form solid
SMA '95 Proceedings of the third ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
Improv: a system for scripting interactive actors in virtual worlds
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Anatomy-based modeling of the human musculature
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Wires: a geometric deformation technique
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Modeling generalized cylinders via Fourier morphing
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Pose space deformation: a unified approach to shape interpolation and skeleton-driven deformation
Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A simplified deformation for real-time 3D character animation
VRST '00 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Facial animation framework for the web and mobile platforms
Proceedings of the seventh international conference on 3D Web technology
Head shop: generating animated head models with anatomical structure
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Multi-weight enveloping: least-squares approximation techniques for skin animation
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Model-based reconstruction for creature animation
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Fast animation and control of nonrigid structures
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
DyRT: dynamic response textures for real time deformation simulation with graphics hardware
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Articulated body deformation from range scan data
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Realistic autonomous fish for virtual reality
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Computer graphics, virtual Reality, visualisation and interaction in Africa
Real Time Responsive Animation with Personality
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Volume-Preserving Free-Form Solids
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Animation of Deformable Models Using Implicit Surfaces
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Dynamic Free-Form Deformations for Animation Synthesis
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Real-Time Elastic Deformations of Soft Tissues for Surgery Simulation
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
An Anatomy-Based Approach to Human Muscle Modeling and Deformation
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
NURBS-Based Free-Form Deformations
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
An Evolving System for Simulating Clothes on Virtual Actors
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Faking Dynamics of Ropes and Springs
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Interpolation Synthesis of Articulated Figure Motion
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Real-Time Animation of Realistic Virtual Humans
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Capturing the complexity of hair motion
Graphical Models
A 3D Reconstruction System for Human Body Modeling
CAPTECH '98 Proceedings of the International Workshop on Modelling and Motion Capture Techniques for Virtual Environments
Creating Emotive Responsive Characters Within Virtual Worlds
VW '00 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Virtual Worlds
VW '00 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Virtual Worlds
A layered wisp model for simulating interactions inside long hair
Proceedings of the Eurographic workshop on Computer animation and simulation
Geometry-based muscle modeling for facial animation
GRIN'01 No description on Graphics interface 2001
VG '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Eurographics/IEEE TVCG Workshop on Volume graphics
VG '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Eurographics/IEEE TVCG Workshop on Volume graphics
Planar Bones for MPEG-4 Facial Animation
TPCG '03 Proceedings of the Theory and Practice of Computer Graphics 2003
Human figure synthesis and animation for virtual space teleconferencing
VRAIS '95 Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS'95)
Closed Form and Geometric Algorithms for Real-Time Control of an Avatar
VRAIS '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS 96)
Vision-based control of 3D facial animation
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Modelling objects with changing shapes: a survey
Machine Graphics & Vision International Journal
Reanimating the dead: reconstruction of expressive faces from skull data
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
Modeling and Deformation of Arms and Legs Based on Ellipsoidal Sweeping
PG '03 Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications
Graphical Models
Geometric modeling
Creating and Animating Personalized Head Models from Digital Photographs and Video
Programming and Computing Software
Realistic modeling and animation of human body based on scanned data
Journal of Computer Science and Technology
Interactive Volume Manipulation with Selective Rendering for Improved Visualization
VV '04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Symposium on Volume Visualization and Graphics
MuscleBuilder: a modeling tool for human anatomy
Journal of Computer Science and Technology - Special issue on computer graphics and computer-aided design
A study of level-of-detail in haptic rendering
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Clustering method for fast deformation with constraints
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM symposium on Solid and physical modeling
Outside-in anatomy based character rigging
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Dynamic skinning: adding real-time dynamic effects to an existing character animation
Proceedings of the 21st spring conference on Computer graphics
Interactive spline-driven deformation for free-form surface styling
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM symposium on Solid and physical modeling
Capturing and animating skin deformation in human motion
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers
Facial animation in a nutshell: past, present and future
SAICSIT '06 Proceedings of the 2006 annual research conference of the South African institute of computer scientists and information technologists on IT research in developing countries
Fast simulation of deformable models in contact using dynamic deformation textures
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
An efficient large deformation method using domain decomposition
Computers and Graphics
A system for articulated tracking incorporating a clothing model
Machine Vision and Applications
Mapping Algorithms for Real-Time Control of an Avatar Using Eight Sensors
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
The effect of tendons on foot skin deformation
Computer-Aided Design
Kinodynamic skinning using volume-preserving deformations
SCA '07 Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Elastic secondary deformations by vector field integration
SGP '07 Proceedings of the fifth Eurographics symposium on Geometry processing
Animating the Human Muscle Structure
Computing in Science and Engineering
Simulation of a deformable human body for virtual try-on
CompSysTech '07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Computer systems and technologies
Reusable skinning templates using cage-based deformations
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2008 papers
A survey of spatial deformation from a user-centered perspective
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Dynamic Axial Curve ---Pair Based Deformation
Edutainment '08 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Technologies for E-Learning and Digital Entertainment
Deformation-Based Animation of Snake Locomotion
ISVC '08 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing
Controlling deformable material with dynamic morph targets
Proceedings of the 2009 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Real-time individualized virtual humans
ACM SIGGRAPH ASIA 2008 courses
Education: Simulating tendon motion with axial mass-spring system
Computers and Graphics
Comprehensive biomechanical modeling and simulation of the upper body
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Elevation cable modeling for interactive simulation of cranes
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
A physically-based virtual environment dedicated to surgical simulation
IS4TM'03 Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Surgery simulation and soft tissue modeling
Generating body surface deformation using level set method
AMFG'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Analysis and modeling of faces and gestures
Modeling deformations of general parametric shells grasped by a robot hand
IEEE Transactions on Robotics
Procedural skeletons: kinematic extensions to CGA-shape grammars
Proceedings of the 26th Spring Conference on Computer Graphics
Efficient elasticity for character skinning with contact and collisions
ACM SIGGRAPH 2011 papers
Virtual simulation of soft tissue deformation using bulk variables
VIS'08 Proceedings of the 1st WSEAS international conference on Visualization, imaging and simulation
Dynamic skinning for popping dance
ICEC'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Entertainment Computing
Skeleton driven limb animation based on three-layered structure
AI'05 Proceedings of the 18th Australian Joint conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Geometric algebra for pose estimation and surface morphing in human motion estimation
IWCIA'04 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Combinatorial Image Analysis
A simple method for real-time metal shell simulation
MIG'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Motion in Games
A blendshape model that incorporates physical interaction
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
Modeling and Simulation of Skeletal Muscle for Computer Graphics: A Survey
Foundations and Trends® in Computer Graphics and Vision
VISSYM'04 Proceedings of the Sixth Joint Eurographics - IEEE TCVG conference on Visualization
A general model for soft body simulation in motion
Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference
A Review on 3D Signing Avatars: Benefits, Uses and Challenges
International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering & Management
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A methodology is proposed for creating and animating computer generated characters which combines recent research advances in robotics, physically based modeling and geometric modeling. The control points of geometric modeling deformations are constrained by an underlying articulated robotics skeleton. These deformations are tailored by the animator and act as a muscle layer to provide automatic squash and stretch behavior of the surface geometry. A hierarchy of composite deformations provides the animator with a multi-layered approach to defining both local and global transition of the character's shape. The muscle deformations determine the resulting geometric surface of the character. This approach provides independent representation of articulation from surface geometry, supports higher level motion control based on various computational models, as well as a consistent, uniform character representation which can be tuned and tweaked by the animator to meet very precise expressive qualities. A prototype system (Critter) currently under development demonstrates research results towards layered construction of deformable animated characters.