Free-form deformation of solid geometric models
SIGGRAPH '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Simulation of object and human skin formations in a grasping task
SIGGRAPH '89 Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Layered construction for deformable animated characters
SIGGRAPH '89 Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Realistic modeling for facial animation
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Anatomy-based modeling of the human musculature
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Pose space deformation: a unified approach to shape interpolation and skeleton-driven deformation
Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Head shop: generating animated head models with anatomical structure
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Multi-weight enveloping: least-squares approximation techniques for skin animation
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Model-based reconstruction for creature animation
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
EigenSkin: real time large deformation character skinning in hardware
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
DyRT: dynamic response textures for real time deformation simulation with graphics hardware
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Interactive skeleton-driven dynamic deformations
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Articulated body deformation from range scan data
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Dirichlet Free-Form Deformations and their Application to Hand Simulation
CA '97 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
Hybrid Anatomically Based Modeling of Animals
CA '98 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
Finite volume methods for the simulation of skeletal muscle
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Construction and animation of anatomically based human hand models
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Reanimating the dead: reconstruction of expressive faces from skull data
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
Building efficient, accurate character skins from examples
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
Creating and Simulating Skeletal Muscle from the Visible Human Data Set
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Capturing and animating skin deformation in human motion
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers
Skinning with dual quaternions
Proceedings of the 2007 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Kinodynamic skinning using volume-preserving deformations
SCA '07 Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Data-driven modeling of skin and muscle deformation
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers
Reusable skinning templates using cage-based deformations
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2008 papers
Laughing out loud: control for modeling anatomically inspired laughter using audio
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2008 papers
Geometric skinning with approximate dual quaternion blending
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Interacting with virtual and augmented worlds
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Digital Interactive Media in Entertainment and Arts
Real-time individualized virtual humans
ACM SIGGRAPH ASIA 2008 courses
Footwear bio-modelling: An industrial approach
Computer-Aided Design
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For believable character animation, skin deformation should communicate important deformation effects due to underlying muscle movement. Anatomical models that capture these effects are typically constructed from the inside out. Internal tissue is modeled by hand and a surface skin is attached to, or generated from, the internal structure. This paper presents an outside-in approach to anatomical modeling, in which we generate musculature from a predefined structure, which we conform to an artist--sculpted skin surface. Motivated by interactive applications, we attach the musculature to an existing control skeleton and apply a novel geometric deformation model to deform the skin surface to capture important muscle motion effects. Musculoskeletal structure can be stored as a template and applied to new character models. We illustrate the methodology, as integrated into a commercial character animation system, with examples driven by both keyframe animation and recorded motion data.