Free-form deformation of solid geometric models
SIGGRAPH '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Layered construction for deformable animated characters
SIGGRAPH '89 Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Realistic modeling for facial animation
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Matching 3-D anatomical surfaces with non-rigid deformations using octree-splines
International Journal of Computer Vision
Anatomy-based modeling of the human musculature
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Surface simplification using quadric error metrics
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Synthesizing realistic facial expressions from photographs
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Reconstruction and representation of 3D objects with radial basis functions
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Head shop: generating animated head models with anatomical structure
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Geometry-based muscle modeling for facial animation
GRIN'01 No description on Graphics interface 2001
SIGGRAPH '81 Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Automatic determination of facial muscle activations from sparse motion capture marker data
ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers
Outside-in anatomy based character rigging
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Facial reconstruction of Egyptian mummy "Senu"
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Research posters
Simulating speech with a physics-based facial muscle model
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Photorealistic facial reconstruction of Ramses II for virtual sets
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 posters
A biologically inspired generation of virtual characters
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Applied computing
Face Reconstruction from Skull Shapes and Physical Attributes
Proceedings of the 31st DAGM Symposium on Pattern Recognition
Eyelid image synthesis using motion dependent texture mapping
VIIP '07 The Seventh IASTED International Conference on Visualization, Imaging and Image Processing
Anatomy-based face reconstruction for animation using multi-layer deformation
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Generating body surface deformation using level set method
AMFG'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Analysis and modeling of faces and gestures
Multimedia authoring tool for real-time facial animation
MCAM'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Multimedia content analysis and mining
Computer-aided craniofacial reconstruction
ACACOS'10 Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS international conference on Applied computer and applied computational science
Craniofacial reconstruction based on MLS deformation
WSEAS Transactions on Computers
Facial movement based recognition
MIRAGE'11 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer vision/computer graphics collaboration techniques
3D game engine for real-time facial animation
AI'05 Proceedings of the 18th Australian Joint conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Mesh fitting based 3d character modeling
Edutainment'06 Proceedings of the First international conference on Technologies for E-Learning and Digital Entertainment
Online expression mapping for performance-driven facial animation
ICEC'07 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Entertainment Computing
Surface- and volume-based techniques for shape modeling and analysis
SIGGRAPH Asia 2013 Courses
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Facial reconstruction for postmortem identification of humans from their skeletal remains is a challenging and fascinating part of forensic art. The former look of a face can be approximated by predicting and modeling the layers of tissue on the skull. This work is as of today carried out solely by physical sculpting with clay, where experienced artists invest up to hundreds of hours to craft a reconstructed face model. Remarkably, one of the most popular tissue reconstruction methods bears many resemblances with surface fitting techniques used in computer graphics, thus suggesting the possibility of a transfer of the manual approach to the computer. In this paper, we present a facial reconstruction approach that fits an anatomy-based virtual head model, incorporating skin and muscles, to a scanned skull using statistical data on skull / tissue relationships. The approach has many advantages over the traditional process: a reconstruction can be completed in about an hour from acquired skull data; also, variations such as a slender or a more obese build of the modeled individual are easily created. Last not least, by matching not only skin geometry but also virtual muscle layers, an animatable head model is generated that can be used to form facial expressions beyond the neutral face typically used in physical reconstructions.