Computer animation: theory and practice
Computer animation: theory and practice
Free-form deformation of solid geometric models
SIGGRAPH '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Layered construction for deformable animated characters
SIGGRAPH '89 Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Artificial fishes: physics, locomotion, perception, behavior
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Realistic modeling for facial animation
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Anatomy-based modeling of the human musculature
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Wires: a geometric deformation technique
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Pose space deformation: a unified approach to shape interpolation and skeleton-driven deformation
Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Digital Representations of Human Movement
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
A Generalization of Algebraic Surface Drawing
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
A computational framework for simulating and analyzing human and animal movement
Computing in Science and Engineering
I3D '01 Proceedings of the 2001 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Articulated body deformation from range scan data
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Animation of Deformable Models Using Implicit Surfaces
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
An automatic modeling of human bodies from sizing parameters
I3D '03 Proceedings of the 2003 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Dirichlet Free-Form Deformations and their Application to Hand Simulation
CA '97 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
Fast Realistic Human Body Deformations for Animation and VR Applications
CGI '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Computer Graphics International
Real Time Muscle Deformations using Mass-Spring Systems
CGI '98 Proceedings of the Computer Graphics International 1998
Finite volume methods for the simulation of skeletal muscle
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Construction and animation of anatomically based human hand models
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Continuous capture of skin deformation
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
The space of human body shapes: reconstruction and parameterization from range scans
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
Realistic Skeletal Muscle Deformation Using Finite Element Analysis
SIBGRAPI '01 Proceedings of the XIV Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing
Anatomically-based models for physical and geometric reconstruction of humans and other animals
Anatomically-based models for physical and geometric reconstruction of humans and other animals
Realistic modeling and animation of human body based on scanned data
Journal of Computer Science and Technology
Creating and Simulating Skeletal Muscle from the Visible Human Data Set
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
SCAPE: shape completion and animation of people
ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers
Helping hand: an anatomically accurate inverse dynamics solution for unconstrained hand motion
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Breathe easy: model and control of human respiration for computer animation
Graphical Models - Special issue on SCA 2004
Capturing and animating skin deformation in human motion
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers
Heads up!: biomechanical modeling and neuromuscular control of the neck
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers
Computational representation of the aponeuroses as NURBS surfaces in 3D musculoskeletal models
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Musculotendon simulation for hand animation
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers
Data-driven modeling of skin and muscle deformation
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers
Comprehensive biomechanical modeling and simulation of the upper body
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Development of the virtual-human Santos®
ICDHM'07 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Digital human modeling
A practical framework for generating volumetric meshes of subject-specific soft tissue
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
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Muscles provide physiological functions to drive body movement and anatomically characterize body shape, making them a crucial component of modeling animated human figures. Substantial effort has been devoted to developing computational models of muscles for the purpose of increasing realism and accuracy in computer graphics and biomechanics. We survey various approaches to model and simulate muscles both morphologically and functionally. Modeling the realistic morphology of muscle requires that muscle deformation be accurately depicted. To this end, several methodologies are presented, including geometrically-based, physically-based, and data-driven approaches. On the other hand, the simulation of physiological muscle functions aims to identify the biomechanical controls responsible for realistic human motion. Estimating these muscle controls has been pursued through static and dynamic simulations. We review and discuss all these approaches, and conclude with suggestions for future research.