3D geometric modelling based on NURBS: a review
Advances in Engineering Software
Curves and surfaces for CAGD: a practical guide
Curves and surfaces for CAGD: a practical guide
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Creating and Simulating Skeletal Muscle from the Visible Human Data Set
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Dynamic Animation and Control Environment
GI '05 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2005
Musculotendon simulation for hand animation
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers
Modeling and Simulation of Skeletal Muscle for Computer Graphics: A Survey
Foundations and Trends® in Computer Graphics and Vision
Footwear bio-modelling: An industrial approach
Computer-Aided Design
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Computational musculoskeletal (MSK) models - 3D graphics-based models that accurately simulate the anatomical architecture and/or the biomechanical behaviour of organ systems consisting of skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage and bones - are valued biomedical tools, with applications ranging from pathological diagnosis to surgical planning. However, current MSK models are often limited by their oversimplifications in anatomical geometries, sometimes lacking discrete representations of connective tissue components entirely, which ultimately affect their accuracy in biomechanical simulation. In particular, the aponeuroses - the flattened fibrous connective sheets connecting muscle fibres to tendons - have never been geometrically modeled. The initiative was thus to extend Anatomy3D - a previously developed software bundle for reconstructing muscle fibre architecture - to incorporate aponeurosis-modeling capacity. Two different algorithms for aponeurosis reconstruction were written in the MEL scripting language of the animation software Maya 6.0, using its NURBS (non-uniform rational B-splines) modeling functionality for aponeurosis surface representation. Both algorithms were validated qualitatively against anatomical and functional criteria.