Free-form deformation of solid geometric models
SIGGRAPH '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Layered construction for deformable animated characters
SIGGRAPH '89 Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Synthetic actors in computer-generated 3D films
Synthetic actors in computer-generated 3D films
Extended free-form deformation: a sculpturing tool for 3D geometric modeling
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Direct manipulation of free-form deformations
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Global and local deformations of solid primitives
SIGGRAPH '84 Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Deformation multi-tool combining existing deformation tools
Proceedings of the sixth ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
Application of haptic navigation to modify free-form surfaces through specified points and curves
Proceedings of the seventh ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
Using Dirichlet Free Form Deformation to Fit Deformable Models to Noisy 3-D Data
ECCV '02 Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision-Part II
Accurate B-spline free-form deformation of polygonal objects
Journal of Graphics Tools
LoD Management on Animating Face Models
VR '00 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2000 Conference
Interactive spline-driven deformation for free-form surface styling
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM symposium on Solid and physical modeling
Interactive haptic deformation of dynamic soft objects
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM international conference on Virtual reality continuum and its applications
Developability-preserved free-form deformation of assembled patches
SM '04 Proceedings of the ninth ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
Constrained free form deformation as a tool for rapid manufacturing
Computers in Industry
Advances in Engineering Software
A survey of spatial deformation from a user-centered perspective
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Real-time individualized virtual humans
ACM SIGGRAPH ASIA 2008 courses
A spatial warping method for freeform modeling based on a level-set method
Computer-Aided Design
Non-uniform deformation of an STL model satisfying error criteria
Computer-Aided Design
AR pottery: experiencing pottery making in the augmented space
ICVR'07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Virtual reality
A User-editable C1-Continuous 2.5D Space Deformation Method For 3D Models
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
Hermite approximation for free-form deformation of curves and surfaces
Computer-Aided Design
Iterative, simulation-based shape modification by free-form deformation of the NC programs
Advances in Engineering Software
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Since the advent of computer-based geometric modeling, designers have tried to develop modeling and deformation tools that allow users to emulate the ease with which sculptors work with clay. T.W. Sederberg and S.R. Parry (1986) demonstrated the application of free-form deformations. FFDs let the user conceptually embed an object in a clear pliable solid and apply deformations to the solid, which then carry through to the encased object. We describe a technique that logically extends current FFDs by basing them on nonuniform rational B-splines. The resulting NURBS-based FFDs (NFFDs) offer flexibility and control not achieved in prior implementations. We conclude by describing a straightforward combination of this technique with global and local deformations of solid primitives used to animate a lifelike surface model of the human leg.