Free-form deformation in a constructive solid geometry modeling system
Free-form deformation in a constructive solid geometry modeling system
Free-form deformation of solid geometric models
SIGGRAPH '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Two moving coordinate frames for sweeping along a 3D trajectory
Computer Aided Geometric Design
Layered construction for deformable animated characters
SIGGRAPH '89 Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Surfaces over Dirichlet Tessellations
Computer Aided Geometric Design
Extended free-form deformation: a sculpturing tool for 3D geometric modeling
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Animated free-form deformation: an interactive animation technique
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Direct manipulation of free-form deformations
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Curves and surfaces for computer aided geometric design (3rd ed.): a practical guide
Curves and surfaces for computer aided geometric design (3rd ed.): a practical guide
Simple constrained deformations for geometric modeling and interactive design
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - Special issue on interactive sculpting
A generalized de Casteljau approach to 3D free-form deformation
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A methodology for description of geometrical deformations
Pacific Graphics '94 Proceedings of the second Pacific conference on Fundamentals of computer graphics
Volume-preserving free-form solid
SMA '95 Proceedings of the third ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
Image metamorphosis using snakes and free-form deformations
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Geometric deformation by merging a 3D-object with a simple shape
GI '96 Proceedings of the conference on Graphics interface '96
Wires: a geometric deformation technique
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Fast volume-preserving free form deformation using multi-level optimization
Proceedings of the fifth ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
Enhancing the efficiency and versatility of directly manipulated free-form deformation
ACM SIGGRAPH 99 Conference abstracts and applications
Geometric structures for three-dimensional shape representation
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Three-dimensional deformation using directional polar coordinates
Journal of Graphics Tools
I3D '01 Proceedings of the 2001 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
A framework for geometric warps and deformations
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Multi-weight enveloping: least-squares approximation techniques for skin animation
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Interactive skeleton-driven dynamic deformations
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Dynamic Free-Form Deformations for Animation Synthesis
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Preventing Self-Intersection under Free-Form Deformation
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
NURBS-Based Free-Form Deformations
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Animating with the "Multidimensional deformation tool"
Proceedings of the Eurographic workshop on Computer animation and simulation
t-FFD: free-form deformation by using triangular mesh
SM '03 Proceedings of the eighth ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
Dirichlet Free-Form Deformations and their Application to Hand Simulation
CA '97 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
Arc-Length-Based Axial Deformation and Length Preserved Animation
CA '97 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
Free-Form Deformation with Automatically Generated Multiresolution Lattices
CW '02 Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Cyber Worlds (CW'02)
Global and local deformations of solid primitives
SIGGRAPH '84 Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Blendeforming: Ray Traceable Localized Foldover-Free Space Deformation
CGI '01 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Graphics
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
Building efficient, accurate character skins from examples
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
Twister: a space-warp operator for the two-handed editing of 3D shapes
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
A Shape Deformation Tool to Model Character Lines in the Early Design Phases
SMI '02 Proceedings of the Shape Modeling International 2002 (SMI'02)
Sweepers: Swept User-Defined Tools for Modeling by Deformation
SMI '04 Proceedings of the Shape Modeling International 2004
Swirling-Sweepers: Constant-Volume Modeling
PG '04 Proceedings of the Computer Graphics and Applications, 12th Pacific Conference
Discontinuous Free Form Deformations
PG '04 Proceedings of the Computer Graphics and Applications, 12th Pacific Conference
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Bender: a virtual ribbon for deforming 3D shapes in biomedical and styling applications
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM symposium on Solid and physical modeling
Free-form deformation with weighted T-spline
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
Mean value coordinates for closed triangular meshes
ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers
Sweepers: swept deformation defined by gesture
Graphical Models - Special issue on SMI 2004
Vector field based shape deformations
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers
Animation space: A truly linear framework for character animation
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Skinning with dual quaternions
Proceedings of the 2007 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
FiberMesh: designing freeform surfaces with 3D curves
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers
Explicit Control of Vector Field Based Shape Deformations
PG '07 Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications
Volume-preserving space deformation
Computers and Graphics
Joint-aware manipulation of deformable models
ACM SIGGRAPH 2009 papers
Deformable object animation using reduced optimal control
ACM SIGGRAPH 2009 papers
Technical Section: WarpCurves: A tool for explicit manipulation of implicit surfaces
Computers and Graphics
Example-based elastic materials
ACM SIGGRAPH 2011 papers
Sketch based 3D character deformation
Transactions on edutainment V
Gesture-based design of 2D contours: an alternative to sketching?
Proceedings of the Eighth Eurographics Symposium on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
Adding physical like reaction effects to skeleton-based animations using controllable pendulums
Transactions on edutainment VI
Towards the automatic generation of 3D photo-realistic avatars using 3D scanned data
MIRAGE'11 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer vision/computer graphics collaboration techniques
A User-editable C1-Continuous 2.5D Space Deformation Method For 3D Models
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
Hermite approximation for free-form deformation of curves and surfaces
Computer-Aided Design
Smooth skinning decomposition with rigid bones
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2012
Structure Preserving Manipulation and Interpolation for Multi-element 2D Shapes
Computer Graphics Forum
Direct manipulation of free-form deformation using curve-pairs
Computer-Aided Design
Technical Section: Real-time B-spline Free-Form Deformation via GPU acceleration
Computers and Graphics
Technical Section: Planar shape interpolation using relative velocity fields
Computers and Graphics
Shape-aware skeletal deformation for 2D characters
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
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The spatial deformation methods are a family of modeling and animation techniques for indirectly reshaping an object by warping the surrounding space, with results that are similar to molding a highly malleable substance. They have the virtue of being computationally efficient (and hence interactive) and applicable to a variety of object representations. In this article we survey the state of the art in spatial deformation. Since manipulating ambient space directly is infeasible, deformations are controlled by tools of varying dimension—points, curves, surfaces and volumes—and it is on this basis that we classify them. Unlike previous surveys that concentrate on providing a single underlying mathematical formalism, we use the user-centered criteria of versatility, ease of use, efficiency and correctness to compare techniques.