A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Layered construction for deformable animated characters
SIGGRAPH '89 Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Simulating facial surgery using finite element models
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Real-Time Elastic Deformations of Soft Tissues for Surgery Simulation
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
A Microsurgery Simulation System
MICCAI '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
Modeling the Dynamics of the Human Thigh for a Realistic Echographic Simulator with Force Feedback
MICCAI '99 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
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We present a novel online human tissue simulation model for virtual reality assisted medical robots. Online simulation of human tissue deformation during surgical training or surgical assistance is becoming increasingly important within the medical community. Unfortunately, even classical simulation models find human tissue to be computationally too costly for online simulation. In this paper, we simplify the complex bio-mechanical nature of human tissue within reasonable limits to develop a mathematical model which can be used for online simulation. This simplification is based on two principles; volume conservation and Pascal's Principle. Volume conservation is inherent to many organs in the human body due to the high concentration of blood (almost incompressible liquid) in them. Given an externally applied force, we use Pascal's Principle to obtain the global deformation vector at each time-step during simulation.