Computer animation: theory and practice
Computer animation: theory and practice
A geometric investigation of reach
A geometric investigation of reach
Using dynamic analysis for realistic animation of articulated bodies
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Controlling dynamic simulation with kinematic constraints
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Layered construction for deformable animated characters
SIGGRAPH '89 Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Animation of dynamic legged locomotion
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Interactive spacetime control for animation
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Realistic modeling for facial animation
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Computer facial animation
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Parametric keyframe interpolation incorporating kinetic adjustment and phrasing control
SIGGRAPH '85 Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The development of language processing support for the ViSiCAST project
Assets '00 Proceedings of the fourth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
A survey of computer vision-based human motion capture
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Modeling people toward vision-based underatanding of a person's shape, appearance, and movement
The motion dynamics of snakes and worms
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
MPEG-4 Facial Animation: The Standard,Implementation and Applications
MPEG-4 Facial Animation: The Standard,Implementation and Applications
Tessa, a system to aid communication with deaf people
Proceedings of the fifth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Feature Point Based Mesh Deformation Applied to MPEG-4 Facial Animation
DEFORM '00/AVATARS '00 Proceedings of the IFIP TC5/WG5.10 DEFORM'2000 Workshop and AVATARS'2000 Workshop on Deformable Avatars
Movement Phase in Signs and Co-Speech Gestures, and Their Transcriptions by Human Coders
Proceedings of the International Gesture Workshop on Gesture and Sign Language in Human-Computer Interaction
SignWriting -Based Sign Language Processing
GW '01 Revised Papers from the International Gesture Workshop on Gesture and Sign Languages in Human-Computer Interaction
SignSynth: A Sign Language Synthesis Application Using Web3D and Perl
GW '01 Revised Papers from the International Gesture Workshop on Gesture and Sign Languages in Human-Computer Interaction
Modeling and Rendering for Realistic Facial Animation
Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques 2000
A Machine Translation System from English to American Sign Language
AMTA '00 Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas on Envisioning Machine Translation in the Information Future
Automatic 3D Cloning and Real-Time Animation of a Human Face
CA '97 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
SIGGRAPH '81 Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
An animated Auslan Tuition System
Machine Graphics & Vision International Journal
3D Modeling and Animation: Synthesis and Analysis Techniques for the Human Body
3D Modeling and Animation: Synthesis and Analysis Techniques for the Human Body
The MathSigner: An Interactive Learning Tool for American Sign Language K-3 Mathematics
IV '04 Proceedings of the Information Visualisation, Eighth International Conference
A prototype text to British Sign Language (BSL) translation system
ACL '03 Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - Volume 2
H-animator: a visual tool for modeling, reuse and sharing of X3D humanoid animations
Proceedings of the eleventh international conference on 3D web technology
An immersive virtual environment for learning sign language mathematics
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Educators program
Collada: Sailing the Gulf of 3d Digital Content Creation
Collada: Sailing the Gulf of 3d Digital Content Creation
Handbook of Virtual Humans
X3D: Extensible 3D Graphics for Web Authors
X3D: Extensible 3D Graphics for Web Authors
Reusable, lifelike virtual humans for mentoring and role-playing
Computers & Education
SMILE: an immersive learning game for deaf and hearing children
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 educators program
Evaluating American Sign Language generation through the participation of native ASL signers
Proceedings of the 9th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Sign language applications: preliminary modeling
Universal Access in the Information Society
A System to Make Signs Using Collaborative Approach
ICCHP '08 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs
Animating Human Locomotion with Inverse Dynamics
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Toward automatic sign language recognition from web3D based scenes
ICCHP'10 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computers helping people with special needs
The proceedings of the 13th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Towards interactive web-based virtual signers: first step, a platform for experimentation design
GW'09 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Gesture in Embodied Communication and Human-Computer Interaction
MPEG-4 facial animation technology: survey, implementation, and results
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
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Signing avatars are becoming common thanks to their potential to improve deaf education. These 3D animated characters are able to perform manual and non-manual signs. As they tap the natural skills of deaf individuals and thanks to the advances in 3D humanoids modeling and animation technologies, 3D signing avatars are getting increasing interest. They are actually used for multiple purposes in multiple fields. Deaf parents, teacher, telecommunications' companies and many other agencies are involving in this area for different reasons. In this paper, the authors report the state of the art in signing avatars research and development as well as the purposes for which 3D signing characters are being used. They discussed the methods and the technologies adopted to create 3D signed contents. A case study of five 3D Sign Language generation systems will be highlighted. The authors will consider their architectures, linguistic representations, the modeling and the animation techniques that have been undertaken. They conducted a study to compare the performance of the available systems regarding the understandability of the generated signed contents. By the end of the survey, the authors bring the lessons learned from this study.