SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A prosodic analysis of discourse segments in direction-giving monologues
ACL '96 Proceedings of the 34th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Universal Access in the Information Society
A knowledge-based sign synthesis architecture
Universal Access in the Information Society
Evaluation of American Sign Language Generation by Native ASL Signers
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
A Linguistically Motivated Model for Speed and Pausing in Animations of American Sign Language
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
Effect of presenting video as a baseline during an american sign language animation user study
Proceedings of the 14th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Combining emotion and facial nonmanual signals in synthesized american sign language
Proceedings of the 14th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Models of linguistic facial expressions for American Sign Language animation
ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing
A Review on 3D Signing Avatars: Benefits, Uses and Challenges
International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering & Management
Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility
Effect of Displaying Human Videos During an Evaluation Study of American Sign Language Animation
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
Evaluating facial expressions in american sign language animations for accessible online information
UAHCI'13 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: design methods, tools, and interaction techniques for eInclusion - Volume Part I
Collecting and evaluating the CUNY ASL corpus for research on American Sign Language animation
Computer Speech and Language
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Animations of American Sign Language (ASL) and Pidgin Signed English (PSE) have accessibility benefits for many signers with lower levels of written language literacy. In prior experimental studies we conducted evaluating animations of ASL, native signers gave informal feedback in which they critiqued the insufficient and inaccurate facial expressions of the virtual human character. While face movements are important for conveying grammatical and prosodic information in human ASL signing, no empirical evaluation of their impact on the understandability and perceived quality of ASL animations had previously been conducted. To quantify the suggestions of deaf participants in our prior studies, we experimentally evaluated ASL and PSE animations with and without various types of facial expressions, and we found that their inclusion does lead to measurable benefits for the understandability and perceived quality of the animations. This finding provides motivation for our future work on facial expressions in ASL and PSE animations, and it lays a novel methodological groundwork for evaluating the quality of facial expressions for conveying prosodic or grammatical information.