Designing the Power PC 60X Bus
IEEE Micro
Power management in energy harvesting sensor networks
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS) - Special Section LCTES'05
Eon: a language and runtime system for perpetual systems
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Flush: a reliable bulk transport protocol for multihop wireless networks
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
An empirical study of UHF RFID performance
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Longitudinal study of a building-scale RFID ecosystem
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Block-switched networks: a new paradigm for wireless transport
NSDI'09 Proceedings of the 6th USENIX symposium on Networked systems design and implementation
Challenge: ultra-low-power energy-harvesting active networked tags (EnHANTs)
Proceedings of the 15th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
An empirical study of low-power wireless
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
On the limits of effective hybrid micro-energy harvesting on mobile CRFID sensors
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
A "Gen 2" RFID monitor based on the USRP
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Mementos: system support for long-running computation on RFID-scale devices
Proceedings of the sixteenth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Dewdrop: an energy-aware runtime for computational RFID
Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on Networked systems design and implementation
A wirelessly-powered platform for sensing and computation
UbiComp'06 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Ubiquitous Computing
BLINK: a high throughput link layer for backscatter communication
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
BLINK: a high throughput link layer for backscatter communication
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Understanding energy consumption of UHF RFID readers for mobile phone sensing applications
Proceedings of the seventh ACM international workshop on Wireless network testbeds, experimental evaluation and characterization
Enabling bit-by-bit backscatter communication in severe energy harvesting environments
NSDI'14 Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation
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RFID-scale sensors present a new frontier for distributed sensing. In contrast to existing sensor deployments that rely on battery-powered sensors, RFID-scale sensors rely solely on harvested energy. These devices sense and store data when not in contact with a reader, and use backscatter communication to upload data when a reader is in range. Unlike conventional RFID tags that only transmit identifiers, RFID sensors need to transfer potentially large amounts of data to a reader during each contact event. In this paper, we propose several optimizations to the RFID network stack to support efficient bulk transfer while remaining compatible with existing Gen 2 readers. Our key contribution is the design of a coordinated bulk transfer protocol for RFID-scale sensors that maximizes channel utilization and minimizes energy lost due to idle listening while also minimizing collisions. We present an implementation of the protocol for the Intel WISP, and describe several parameters that are tuned using empirical measurements that characterize the wireless channel. Our results show that the burst protocol improves goodput in comparison to vanilla EPC Gen 2 tags, improves energy-efficiency, allows multiple RFID sensors to share the channel, and also coexists with passive, non-sensor tags.