Improved Initial Synchronisation in the Presence of Frequency Offset in UMTS FDD Mode
NETWORKING '02 Proceedings of the Second International IFIP-TC6 Networking Conference on Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols; Performance of Computer and Communication Networks; and Mobile and Wireless Communications
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Reducing idle mode power in software defined radio terminals
Proceedings of the 2006 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
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Admission control for differentiated services in future generation CDMA networks
Performance Evaluation
SAMOS '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Embedded Computer Systems: Architectures, Modeling, and Simulation
Class-based downlink capacity estimation of a WCDMA network in a multiservice context
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IEEE Transactions on Communications
Blind user detection in doubly dispersive DS/CDMA fading channels
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
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Non-coherent cell identification detection methods and statistical analysis for OFDM systems
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Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
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In a CDMA cellular system, the process of the mobile station searching for a cell and achieving code and time synchronization to its downlink scrambling code is referred to as cell search. Cell search is performed in three scenarios: initial cell search when a mobile station is switched on, idle mode search when inactive, and active mode search during a call. The latter two are also called target cell search. This paper presents algorithms and results for both initial and target cell search scenarios for the wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) standard. In W-CDMA, the cell search itself is divided into five acquisition stages: slot synchronization, frame synchronization and scrambling code group identification, scrambling code identification, frequency acquisition, and cell identification. Initial cell search needs all five stages, while target cell search in general does not need the last two stages. A pipelined process of the first three stages that minimizes the average code and time acquisition time, while keeping the complexity at a reasonable level, is considered. The frequency error in initial cell search, which may be as large as 20 kHz, is taken care of by partial symbol despreading and noncoherent combining. Optimization of key system parameters such as the loading factors for primary synchronization channel, synchronization channel, and common pilot channel for achieving the smallest average code and time acquisition time is studied. After code and time synchronization (the first three stages), a maximum likelihood (ML)-based frequency acquisition method is used to bring down the frequency error to about 200 Hz. The gain of this method is more than 10 dB compared to an alternative scheme that obtains a frequency error estimate using differential detection