Hidden QIM Watermarking on Compressed Data Using Channel Coding and Lifting
PReMI '09 Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence
Data embedding in JPEG bitstream by code mapping
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
An adaptive steganographic method based on the measurement of just noticeable distortion profile
Image and Vision Computing
A video watermarking technique based on pseudo-3-D DCT and quantization index modulation
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
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In JPEG-to-JPEG image watermarking (J2J), the input is a JPEG image file. After watermark embedding, the image is JPEG-compressed such that the output file is also a JPEG file. We use the human visual system (HVS) model to estimate the J2J data hiding capacity of JPEG images, or the maximum number of bits that can be embedded in JPEG-compressed images. A.B. Watson's HVS model (Proc. SPIE Human Vision, Visual Process., and Digital Display IV, p.202-16, 1993) is modified to estimate the just noticeable difference (JND) for DCT coefficients. The number of modifications to DCT coefficients is limited by JND in order to guarantee the invisibility of the watermark. Our capacity estimation method does not assume any specific watermarking method and thus would apply to any watermarking method in the J2J framework.