CIVR '08 Proceedings of the 2008 international conference on Content-based image and video retrieval
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
A review of vision-based systems for soccer video analysis
Pattern Recognition
An efficient continuous tracking system in real-time surveillance application
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
Investigation on tracking system for real time video surveillance applications
Proceedings of the CUBE International Information Technology Conference
Take your eyes off the ball: Improving ball-tracking by focusing on team play
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
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In this paper, model-based approaches for real-time 3-D soccer ball tracking are proposed, using image sequences from multiple fixed cameras as input. The main challenges include filtering false alarms, tracking through missing observations, and estimating 3-D positions from single or multiple cameras. The key innovations are: 1. incorporating motion cues and temporal hysteresis thresholding in ball detection; 2. modeling each ball trajectory as curve segments in successive virtual vertical planes so that the 3-D position of the ball can be determined from a single camera view; and 3. introducing four motion phases (rolling, flying, in possession, and out of play) and employing phase-specific models to estimate ball trajectories which enables high-level semantics applied in low-level tracking. In addition, unreliable or missing ball observations are recovered using spatio-temporal constraints and temporal filtering. The system accuracy and robustness are evaluated by comparing the estimated ball positions and phases with manual ground-truth data of real soccer sequences.