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Making Passwords Secure and Usable
HCI 97 Proceedings of HCI on People and Computers XII
Password Memorability and Security: Empirical Results
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Easily remembered passphrases: a better approach
ACM SIGSAC Review - Resources: part II
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The usability of passphrases for authentication: An empirical field study
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ACSW '07 Proceedings of the fifth Australasian symposium on ACSW frontiers - Volume 68
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INFOCOM'10 Proceedings of the 29th conference on Information communications
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Testing metrics for password creation policies by attacking large sets of revealed passwords
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HotSec'10 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on Hot topics in security
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Of passwords and people: measuring the effect of password-composition policies
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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SPIRE'06 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on String Processing and Information Retrieval
SP '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
The Science of Guessing: Analyzing an Anonymized Corpus of 70 Million Passwords
SP '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
The Quest to Replace Passwords: A Framework for Comparative Evaluation of Web Authentication Schemes
SP '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
A Research Agenda Acknowledging the Persistence of Passwords
IEEE Security and Privacy
How does your password measure up? the effect of strength meters on password creation
Security'12 Proceedings of the 21st USENIX conference on Security symposium
Designing leakage-resilient password entry on touchscreen mobile devices
Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGSAC symposium on Information, computer and communications security
On the ecological validity of a password study
Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security
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Users tend to create passwords that are easy to guess, while system-assigned passwords tend to be hard to remember. Passphrases, space-delimited sets of natural language words, have been suggested as both secure and usable for decades. In a 1,476-participant online study, we explored the usability of 3- and 4-word system-assigned passphrases in comparison to system-assigned passwords composed of 5 to 6 random characters, and 8-character system-assigned pronounceable passwords. Contrary to expectations, system-assigned passphrases performed similarly to system-assigned passwords of similar entropy across the usability metrics we examined. Passphrases and passwords were forgotten at similar rates, led to similar levels of user difficulty and annoyance, and were both written down by a majority of participants. However, passphrases took significantly longer for participants to enter, and appear to require error-correction to counteract entry mistakes. Passphrase usability did not seem to increase when we shrunk the dictionary from which words were chosen, reduced the number of words in a passphrase, or allowed users to change the order of words.