International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
All robots are not created equal: the design and perception of humanoid robot heads
DIS '02 Proceedings of the 4th conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques
Trust and etiquette in high-criticality automated systems
Communications of the ACM - Human-computer etiquette
Experimental evaluation of polite interaction tactics for pedagogical agents
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
How users reciprocate to computers: an experiment that demonstrates behavior change
CHI EA '97 CHI '97 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Constructing computer-based tutors that are socially sensitive: Politeness in educational software
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Robotic etiquette: results from user studies involving a fetch and carry task
Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Whose job is it anyway? a study of human-robot interaction in a collaborative task
Human-Computer Interaction
Analysis of Humanoid Appearances in Human–Robot Interaction
IEEE Transactions on Robotics
Social interactions in HRI: the robot view
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews
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The objective of this study was to examine the extent to which a model of linguistic etiquette in human---human interaction could be applied to human---robot interaction (HRI) domain, and how different etiquette strategies proposed through the model might influence performance of humans and robots as mediated by manipulations of robot physical features, in a simulated medicine delivery task. A "wizard of Oz" experiment was conducted in which either a humanoid robot or a mechanical-looking robot was used to present medicine reminding utterances (following different etiquette strategies) to participants, who were engaged in a primary cognitive task (a Sudoku puzzle). Results revealed the etiquette model to partially extend to the HRI domain. Participants were not sensitive to positive language from robots (e.g., appreciation of human values/wants) and such a strategy did not succeed in supporting or enhancing the "positive face" of human users. Both "bald" (no linguistic courtesy) and mixed strategies (positive and "negative face" (minimizing user imposition) saving) resulted in moderate user perceived etiquette scores (PE). However, individual differences suggested such robot linguistic strategies should be applied with caution. Opposite to this, a negative face saving strategy (supporting user freedom of choice) promoted user task and robot performance (in terms of user response time to robot requests), and resulted in the highest PE score. There was also evidence that humanoid robot features provide additional social cues that may be used by patients and support human and robot performance, but not PE. These results provide a basis for determining appropriate etiquette strategies and robot appearance to promote better collaborative task performances for future health care delivery applications of service robots.