A language modeling approach to information retrieval
Proceedings of the 21st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
A patent search and classification system
Proceedings of the fourth ACM conference on Digital libraries
Relevance based language models
Proceedings of the 24th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
A study of smoothing methods for language models applied to Ad Hoc information retrieval
Proceedings of the 24th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
SIGIR '02 Proceedings of the 25th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Combining the language model and inference network approaches to retrieval
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal - Special issue: Bayesian networks and information retrieval
A Markov random field model for term dependencies
Proceedings of the 28th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Retrieving answers from frequently asked questions pages on the web
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Finding similar questions in large question and answer archives
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Generating query substitutions
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web
Learning to rank: from pairwise approach to listwise approach
Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Machine learning
Latent concept expansion using markov random fields
SIGIR '07 Proceedings of the 30th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Context sensitive stemming for web search
SIGIR '07 Proceedings of the 30th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
A unified and discriminative model for query refinement
Proceedings of the 31st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Discovering key concepts in verbose queries
Proceedings of the 31st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Mining term association patterns from search logs for effective query reformulation
Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge management
The query-flow graph: model and applications
Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge management
An improved markov random field model for supporting verbose queries
Proceedings of the 32nd international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Reducing long queries using query quality predictors
Proceedings of the 32nd international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
An analysis framework for search sequences
Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Information and knowledge management
Learning concept importance using a weighted dependence model
Proceedings of the third ACM international conference on Web search and data mining
Exploring reductions for long web queries
Proceedings of the 33rd international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Improving verbose queries using subset distribution
CIKM '10 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Modeling reformulation using passage analysis
CIKM '10 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Modeling subset distributions for verbose queries
Proceedings of the 34th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in Information Retrieval
Retrieving opinions from discussion forums
Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Conference on information & knowledge management
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Search queries have evolved beyond keyword queries. Many complex queries such as verbose queries, natural language question queries and document-based queries are widely used in a variety of applications. Processing these complex queries usually requires a series of query operations, which results in multiple sequences of reformulated queries. However, previous query representations, either the "bag of words" method or the recently proposed "query distribution" method, cannot effectively model these query sequences, since they ignore the relationships between two queries. In this paper, a reformulation tree framework is proposed to organize multiple sequences of reformulated queries as a tree structure, where each path of the tree corresponds to a sequence of reformulated queries. Specifically, a two-level reformulation tree is implemented for verbose queries. This tree effectively combines two query operations, i.e., subset selection and query substitution, within the same framework. Furthermore, a weight estimation approach is proposed to assign weights to each node of the reformulation tree by considering the relationships with other nodes and directly optimizing retrieval performance. Experiments on TREC collections show that this reformulation tree based representation significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques.