Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video
Signal Processing
Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking
Signal Processing
Audio Watermark Robustness to Desynchronization via Beat Detection
IH '02 Revised Papers from the 5th International Workshop on Information Hiding
Time base modulation: a new approach to watermarking audio
ICME '03 Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Multimedia and Expo - Volume 2
Audio watermarking by time-scale modification
ICASSP '01 Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2001. on IEEE International Conference - Volume 03
Spread-spectrum watermarking of audio signals
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Design and Analysis of a Scalable Watermarking Scheme for the Scalable Audio Coder
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
A Novel Synchronization Invariant Audio Watermarking Scheme Based on DWT and DCT
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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The main stream in audio watermarking, namely spread spectrum (SS) based methods, embeds the watermark into a fixed range in the low-frequency band of the audio in order to correctly match the spectrum coefficients of the tested signal with the watermark pattern during the correlation operation at the detector. However, a watermark that is always inserted to low frequencies could be lost during the coding of the audio files with high frequency content. In this paper, in contrary to the fixed embedding locations, we first propose to adaptively select the watermark embedding locations with respect to the maximum energy region in the frequency spectrum of the cover signal. The proposed method achieves to find the same watermark embedding and extraction locations with over 95 % detection rates down to the coding bitrates of 32 kbps. Then, the proposed adaptive selection is compared to the fixed selection of embedding locations for spread spectrum watermarking of coded audio. The experimental results on watermark bit error rates (BER) have indicated the superiority of the adaptive approach over fixed embedding against the audio coding (32-128 kbps), additive noise (10 dB-45 dB) and low pass filtering (1.4 kHz-12.4kHz). In particular, very high performance of the proposed method for high frequency audio content has demonstrated the better applicability of the scheme for large databases of audio files with various characteristics in exchange networks.