Lossless data embedding--new paradigm in digital watermarking
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing - Emerging applications of multimedia data hiding
A difference expansion oriented data hiding scheme for restoring the original host images
Journal of Systems and Software
Adaptive lossless steganographic scheme with centralized difference expansion
Pattern Recognition
Reversible Watermarking Schemes Using Spatial Quad-Based Difference Expansion
ICHIT '08 Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Convergence and Hybrid Information Technology
Lossless Data Hiding Based on Difference Expansion without a Location Map
CISP '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Vol. 2 - Volume 02
A High Quality Histogram Shifting Based Embedding Technique for Reversible Data Hiding
ISDA '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Eighth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications - Volume 03
A high capacity reversible data hiding scheme with edge prediction and difference expansion
Journal of Systems and Software
Reversible Watermarking Scheme Based on Two-Dimensional Difference Expansion (2D-DE)
ICCRD '10 Proceedings of the 2010 Second International Conference on Computer Research and Development
Analysis and comparison of typical reversible watermarking methods
IWDW'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Digital Watermarking
A Novel Difference Expansion Transform for Reversible Data Embedding
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Difference Expansion Based Reversible Data Hiding Using Two Embedding Directions
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Reversible watermark using the difference expansion of a generalized integer transform
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Lossless generalized-LSB data embedding
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Reversible data embedding into images using wavelet techniques and sorting
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Expansion Embedding Techniques for Reversible Watermarking
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
| Hi-index | 0.08 |
Fragile watermarking is commonly used for content authentication and tamper detection in digital multimedia. For some critical applications, such as medical systems, the fragile watermarking system should be based on a reversible data hiding scheme. The Difference Expansion (DE) technique is a popular reversible data hiding method. In this paper, we adopt a two-dimensional difference expansion technique (2D-DE) to increase the hiding capacity. The proposed scheme is a fragile block-based scheme where the image is divided into blocks of 4x4 pixels, and these expandable blocks are embedded with 16 bits of payload. In addition to increasing the achieved capacity, we study the effect of selecting the blocks to be embedded according to characteristics such as standard deviation, smoothness, and uniformity. These characteristics can be used as selection criteria to enhance the visual quality. The experimental results demonstrate a very high embedding capacity equals to approximately 1 bit per pixel (bpp). Moreover, a threshold based on the standard deviation can be used to control the hiding capacity and predict the reduction in hiding capacity that will enhance the visual quality.