The weighted majority algorithm
Information and Computation
Local Grayvalue Invariants for Image Retrieval
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
On the algorithmic implementation of multiclass kernel-based vector machines
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Robust Real-Time Face Detection
International Journal of Computer Vision
Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints
International Journal of Computer Vision
A Performance Evaluation of Local Descriptors
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A 3D Facial Expression Database For Facial Behavior Research
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
3D Facial Expression Recognition Based on Primitive Surface Feature Distribution
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2
A Survey of Affect Recognition Methods: Audio, Visual, and Spontaneous Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Bosphorus Database for 3D Face Analysis
Biometrics and Identity Management
Rover visual obstacle avoidance
IJCAI'81 Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
3D Face Recognition Using Multiview Keypoint Matching
AVSS '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance
A Set of Selected SIFT Features for 3D Facial Expression Recognition
ICPR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition
Bilinear Models for 3-D Face and Facial Expression Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
The minimum description length principle in coding and modeling
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
Facial expression recognition using 3D facial feature distances
ICIAR'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Modified color motif co-occurrence matrix for image indexing and retrieval
Computers and Electrical Engineering
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This paper presents a discriminative scale invariant feature transform (D-SIFT) based feature representation for person-independent facial expression recognition. Keypoint descriptors of the SIFT features are used to construct distinctive facial feature vectors. Kullback Leibler divergence is used for the initial classification of the localized facial expressions and weighted majority voting based classifier is employed to fuse the decisions obtained from localized rectangular facial regions to generate the overall decision. Experiments on the Bosphorus and BU-3DFE databases illustrate that the D-SIFT is effective and efficient for facial expression recognition.