Techniques for Interactive Audience Participation
ICMI '02 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces
Design of an audience voting system for the Olympic games
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
From cookies to puppies to athletes: designing a visual audience voting system
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
PHOTOVOTE: Olympic judging system
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Technology as small group face-to-face Collaborative Scaffolding
Computers & Education
An investigation of purpose built netbooks for primary school education
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children
XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students - ICT for Development: Bettering our world through technology
Using poll sheets and computer vision as an inexpensive alternative to clickers
Proceedings of the South African Institute for Computer Scientists and Information Technologists Conference
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Electronic response systems known as "clickers" have demonstrated educational benefits in well-resourced classrooms, but remain out-of-reach for most schools due to their prohibitive cost. We propose a new, low-cost technique that utilizes computer vision for real-time polling of a classroom. Our approach allows teachers to ask a multiple-choice question. Students respond by holding up a qCard: a sheet of paper that contains a printed code, similar to a QR code, encoding their student IDs. Students indicate their answers (A, B, C or D) by holding the card in one of four orientations. Using a laptop and an off-the-shelf webcam, our software automatically recognizes and aggregates the students' responses and displays them to the teacher. We built this system and performed initial trials in secondary schools in Bangalore, India. In a 25-student classroom, our system offers 99.8% recognition accuracy, captures 97% of responses within 10 seconds, and costs 15 times less than existing electronic solutions.