Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring
WSNA '02 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Utilizing Solar Power in Wireless Sensor Networks
LCN '03 Proceedings of the 28th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks
Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach
Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach
Battery-free Wireless Identification and Sensing
IEEE Pervasive Computing
Deploying a Wireless Sensor Network on an Active Volcano
IEEE Internet Computing
Design considerations for solar energy harvesting wireless embedded systems
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Perpetual environmentally powered sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Fidelity and yield in a volcano monitoring sensor network
OSDI '06 Proceedings of the 7th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
Design, Modeling, and Capacity Planning for Micro-solar Power Sensor Networks
IPSN '08 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Sun, wind and water flow as energy supply for small stationary data acquisition platforms
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Meteorology and hydrology in Yosemite national park: a sensor network application
IPSN'03 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Distributed environmental monitoring using random sensor networks
IPSN'03 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
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Wireless sensor networks allow scientists to gather data from remote, difficult to access, and dangerous locations. However, maintenance of aging networks and removal of obsolete or inactive nodes containing toxic materials is expensive and time consuming. Moreover, node lifespan is generally constrained by the reliability of the batteries used in most deployments, especially in the presence of extreme variation in environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. We consider the problem of designing wireless sensor networks capable of indefinite deployment periods measured in decades, not months. We describe the architectural and capability implications of eliminating batteries from sensor networks and instead relying on opportunistic energy scavenging. Sensor nodes using ambient energy sources become temporarily active at unpredictable but possibly correlated times. In this paper, we use wind power as an example of such a power source, which we model using temporally and spatially correlated random processes. Such models can be built using historical measurements over a geographical range. We describe a method to use energy models in the design of latency-optimized and cost-constrained battery-less wireless sensor networks, and explain the required changes to network architecture, communication protocol, and node hardware. In the context of environmental monitoring applications, we compare the performance of a network designed and managed using our techniques with that of existing design styles.