Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring
WSNA '02 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Revisiting the TTL-based controlled flooding search: optimality and randomization
Proceedings of the 10th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Sensor network-based countersniper system
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Networking issues in wireless sensor networks
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
An Analysis of Strategies for Mitigating the Sensor Network Hot Spot Problem
MOBIQUITOUS '05 Proceedings of the The Second Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services
Deploying a Wireless Sensor Network on an Active Volcano
IEEE Internet Computing
Analytical modeling and mitigation techniques for the energy hole problem in sensor networks
Pervasive and Mobile Computing
Multihop/Direct Forwarding (MDF) for static wireless sensor networks
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
Wireless Sensor Networks
An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are limited in their energy, computation and communication capabilities. Energy efficiency and balancing are the primary challenges for WSNs since the sensor nodes cannot be easily recharged once they are deployed [3]. The data forwarding techniques play an important role in determining the energy consumption of the network. These techniques are employed to transmit the sensed information to the final destination. In this work, we analyze the behavior of one such technique known as Multihop/Direct Forwarding (MDF) [6], when applied to the sensor network deployed in three dimensional fields. The simulation is performed in MATLAB and the results are evaluated extensively against other data forwarding techniques such as Closest Forwarding (CF), Direct Forwarding (DF) and Multihop Forwarding (MF). The results reveal that the MDF scheme in 3D has lesser energy consumption than other data forwarding techniques. Moreover, it effectively balances the consumption of energy among all nodes. The network lifetime is also prolonged in case of MDF compared to other data forwarding techniques when applied in three dimensional fields.