Computer virus-antivirus coevolution
Communications of the ACM
Discrete-time signal processing (2nd ed.)
Discrete-time signal processing (2nd ed.)
Communication Systems
Audio authenticity: detecting ENF discontinuity with high precision phase analysis
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
"Seeing" ENF: natural time stamp for digital video via optical sensing and signal processing
MM '11 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Robustness of color interpolation identification against anti-forensic operations
IH'12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Information Hiding
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A time stamp based on the power network signature called the Electrical Network Frequency (ENF) has been used by an emerging class of approaches for authenticating digital audio and video recordings in computer-to-computer communications. However, the presence of adversaries may render the time stamp insecure, and it is crucial to understand the robustness of ENF analysis against anti-forensic operations. This paper investigates possible anti-forensic operations that can remove and alter the ENF signal while trying to preserve the host signal, and develops detection methods targeting these operations. Improvements over anti-forensic operations that can circumvent the detection are also examined, for which various trade-offs are discussed. To develop an understanding of the dynamics between a forensic analyst and an adversary, an evolutionary perspective and a game-theoretical perspective are proposed, which allow for a comprehensive characterization of plausible anti-forensic strategies and countermeasures. Such an understanding has the potential to lead to more secure and reliable time stamp schemes based on ENF analysis.