Fundamentals of speech recognition
Fundamentals of speech recognition
Discrete-time signal processing (2nd ed.)
Discrete-time signal processing (2nd ed.)
Handbook of Image and Video Processing
Handbook of Image and Video Processing
Using the ENF Criterion for Determining the Time of Recording of Short Digital Audio Recordings
IWCF '09 Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Computational Forensics
Audio authenticity: detecting ENF discontinuity with high precision phase analysis
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
How secure are power network signature based time stamps?
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security
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Electric Network Frequency (ENF) fluctuates slightly over time from its nominal value of 50 Hz/60 Hz. The fluctuations in the ENF remain consistent across the entire power grid even when measured at physically distant locations. The near-invisible flickering of fluorescent lights connected to the power mains reflect these fluctuations present in the ENF. In this paper, mechanisms using optical sensors and video cameras to record and validate the presence of the ENF fluctuations in fluorescent lighting are presented. Signal processing techniques are applied to demonstrate a high correlation between the fluctuations in the ENF signal captured from fluorescent lighting and the ENF signal captured directly from power mains supply. The proposed technique is then used to demonstrate the presence of the ENF signal in video recordings taken in various geographical areas. Experimental results show that the ENF signal can be used as a natural timestamp for optical sensor recordings and video surveillance recordings from indoor environments under fluorescent lighting. Application of the ENF signal analysis to tampering detection of surveillance video recordings is also demonstrated.