The Design and Use of Steerable Filters
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Multilocal creaseness based on the level-set extrinsic curvature
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on analysis of volumetric image
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Retinal Blood Vessel Segmentation by Means of Scale-Space Analysis and Region Growing
MICCAI '99 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphology
Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphology
Personal authentication using digital retinal images
Pattern Analysis & Applications
An improved matched filter for blood vessel detection of digital retinal images
Computers in Biology and Medicine
A Snake for Retinal Vessel Segmentation
IbPRIA '07 Proceedings of the 3rd Iberian conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, Part II
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Detection of the foveal avascular zone on retinal angiograms using Markov random fields
Digital Signal Processing
Maximum likelihood estimation of vessel parameters from scale space analysis
Image and Vision Computing
Retinal vessel extraction by matched filter with first-order derivative of Gaussian
Computers in Biology and Medicine
MICCAI'07 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention
Unsupervised Fuzzy Based Vessel Segmentation In Pathological Digital Fundus Images
Journal of Medical Systems
Automatic model-based tracing algorithm for vessel segmentation and diameter estimation
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
FABC: retinal vessel segmentation using adaboost
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine - Special section on affective and pervasive computing for healthcare
High speed detection of retinal blood vessels in fundus image using phase congruency
Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications - Special issue on Recent advances on machine learning and Cybernetics
Retinal vessel extraction using first-order derivative of Gaussian and morphological processing
ISVC'11 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Advances in visual computing - Volume Part I
Journal of Medical Systems
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
Robust model-based vasculature detection in noisy biomedical images
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
Different averages of a fuzzy set with an application to vessel segmentation
IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems
Segmentation of vessel-like patterns using mathematical morphology and curvature evaluation
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
A Variational Method for Geometric Regularization of Vascular Segmentation in Medical Images
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Back-propagation network and its configuration for blood vessel detection in angiograms
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
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The change in morphology, diameter, branching pattern or tortuosity of retinal blood vessels is an important indicator of various clinical disorders of the eye and the body. This paper reports an automated method for segmentation of blood vessels in retinal images. A unique combination of techniques for vessel centerlines detection and morphological bit plane slicing is presented to extract the blood vessel tree from the retinal images. The centerlines are extracted by using the first order derivative of a Gaussian filter in four orientations and then evaluation of derivative signs and average derivative values is performed. Mathematical morphology has emerged as a proficient technique for quantifying the blood vessels in the retina. The shape and orientation map of blood vessels is obtained by applying a multidirectional morphological top-hat operator with a linear structuring element followed by bit plane slicing of the vessel enhanced grayscale image. The centerlines are combined with these maps to obtain the segmented vessel tree. The methodology is tested on three publicly available databases DRIVE, STARE and MESSIDOR. The results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed algorithm is comparable with state of the art techniques in terms of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity.