Project GROPEHaptic displays for scientific visualization
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The nanomanipulator: a virtual-reality interface for a scanning tunneling microscope
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
NAMD2: greater scalability for parallel molecular dynamics
Journal of Computational Physics - Special issue on computational molecular biophysics
A system for interactive molecular dynamics simulation
I3D '01 Proceedings of the 2001 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Role of Haptics in Teaching Structural Molecular Biology
HAPTICS '03 Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems (HAPTICS'03)
A constraint-based god-object method for haptic display
IROS '95 Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems-Volume 3 - Volume 3
Efficient Point-Based Rendering Techniques for Haptic Display of Virtual Objects
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
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Haptic rendering is the process of calculating and displaying physical forces to a user. Used concomitantly with a virtual environment it can further enhance a user's immersive experience whilst they interact with computer graphics. Haptic Feedback has been applied to the study of molecular systems for several years, however, computation requirements have hampered progress. Most popular representations of molecules comprise of primitive shapes like spheres. Many molecules, especially proteins, potentially contain thousands of atoms each of which can be represented as a single sphere and will need to be processed for collision in the haptic rendering loop. Current systems often simulate stiff contacts with a proxy system based on tracking a point over planar surfaces. In this paper a novel method for the haptic rendering of a space filling molecule representation is presented. The technique reduces the time taken to detect and respond to the collisions and improves the overall spherical feel of the molecule by using the implicit description of spheres to track the surface as opposed to a polygonal approximation.