NYNEX portholes: initial user reactions and redesign implications
GROUP '97 Proceedings of the international ACM SIGGROUP conference on Supporting group work: the integration challenge
Evaluating image filtering based techniques in media space applications
CSCW '98 Proceedings of the 1998 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
The effects of filtered video on awareness and privacy
CSCW '00 Proceedings of the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Blur filtration fails to preserve privacy for home-based video conferencing
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems (TMIS)
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Video of in-home activity provides valuable information for assistive monitoring but raises privacy concerns. Raw video can be privacy-enhanced by obscuring the appearance of a person. We consider five privacy enhancements: blur, silhouette, oval, box, and trailing-arrows. We investigate whether a privacy enhancement exists that provides sufficient perceived privacy while enabling accurate fall detection by humans. We recorded 23 1-minute videos involving normal household activities, falling, and lying on the floor after an earlier fall, and created versions of each video for each privacy setting. We conducted an experiment with 376 undergraduate, non-engineering student participants to measure perceived privacy protection and the participant's fall detection accuracy for each privacy setting. Results indicate that the oval provides sufficient perceived privacy for 88% of participants while still supporting fall detection accuracy of 89%, and that the common privacy enhancements blur and silhouette were perceived to provide insufficient privacy.