Trainable sentence planning for complex information presentation in spoken dialog systems
ACL '04 Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Partially observable Markov decision processes for spoken dialog systems
Computer Speech and Language
Natural Language Engineering
A general, abstract model of incremental dialogue processing
EACL '09 Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Incremental dialogue processing in a micro-domain
EACL '09 Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
What game theory can do for NLG: the case of vague language
ENLG '09 Proceedings of the 12th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation
A finite-state turn-taking model for spoken dialog systems
NAACL '09 Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
SIGDIAL '09 Proceedings of the SIGDIAL 2009 Conference: The 10th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue
Learning to adapt to unknown users: referring expression generation in spoken dialogue systems
ACL '10 Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Optimising information presentation for spoken dialogue systems
ACL '10 Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Phrase-based statistical language generation using graphical models and active learning
ACL '10 Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
A simple domain-independent probabilistic approach to generation
EMNLP '10 Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Towards incremental speech generation in dialogue systems
SIGDIAL '10 Proceedings of the 11th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue
SIGDIAL '10 Proceedings of the 11th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue
Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive Dialogue Systems: A Data-driven Methodology for Dialogue Management and Natural Language Generation
Optimising natural language generation decision making for situated dialogue
SIGDIAL '11 Proceedings of the SIGDIAL 2011 Conference
SIGDIAL '11 Proceedings of the SIGDIAL 2011 Conference
ENLG '11 Proceedings of the 13th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation
Incremental spoken dialogue systems: tools and data
SDCTD '12 NAACL-HLT Workshop on Future Directions and Needs in the Spoken Dialog Community: Tools and Data
Optimising incremental dialogue decisions using information density for interactive systems
EMNLP-CoNLL '12 Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning
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Recent studies have shown that incremental systems are perceived as more reactive, natural, and easier to use than non-incremental systems. However, previous work on incremental NLG has not employed recent advances in statistical optimisation using machine learning. This paper combines the two approaches, showing how the update, revoke and purge operations typically used in incremental approaches can be implemented as state transitions in a Markov Decision Process. We design a model of incremental NLG that generates output based on micro-turn interpretations of the user's utterances and is able to optimise its decisions using statistical machine learning. We present a proof-of-concept study in the domain of Information Presentation (IP), where a learning agent faces the trade-off of whether to present information as soon as it is available (for high reactiveness) or else to wait until input ASR hypotheses are more reliable. Results show that the agent learns to avoid long waiting times, fillers and self-corrections, by re-ordering content based on its confidence.