Mathematical statistics (4th ed.)
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Larch: languages and tools for formal specification
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Static detection of dynamic memory errors
PLDI '96 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1996 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Java in a nutshell (2nd ed.): a desktop quick reference
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Refactoring: improving the design of existing code
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Effective Java programming language guide
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Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture
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JastAdd: an aspect-oriented compiler construction system
Science of Computer Programming - Special issue: Language descriptions, tools and applications (LDTA'01)
ATEC '02 Proceedings of the General Track of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
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Java(TM) Language Specification, The (3rd Edition) (Java (Addison-Wesley))
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PPPJ '06 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Principles and practice of programming in Java
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
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CASSIS'04 Proceedings of the 2004 international conference on Construction and Analysis of Safe, Secure, and Interoperable Smart Devices
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Ownership transfer in universe types
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ISSTA '08 Proceedings of the 2008 international symposium on Software testing and analysis
JML Runtime Assertion Checking: Improved Error Reporting and Efficiency Using Strong Validity
FM '08 Proceedings of the 15th international symposium on Formal Methods
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JML4: Towards an Industrial Grade IVE for Java and Next Generation Research Platform for JML
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CC'08/ETAPS'08 Proceedings of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software 17th international conference on Compiler construction
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Science of Computer Programming
An Abstract Model of Certificate Translation
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With Java 5 annotations, we note a marked increase in tools that statically detect potential null dereferences. To be effective such tools require that developers annotate declarations with nullity modifiers and have annotated API libraries. Unfortunately, in our experience specifying moderately large code bases, the use of non-null annotations is more labor intensive than it should be. Motivated by this experience, we conducted an empirical study of 5 open source projects totaling 700 KLOC which confirms that on average, 3/4 of declarations are meant to be non-null, by design. Guided by these results, we propose adopting a non-null-by-default semantics. This new default has advantages of better matching general practice, lightening developer annotation burden and being safer. We adapted the Eclipse JDT Core to support the new semantics, including the ability to read the extensive API library specifications written in the Java Modeling Language (JML). Issues of backwards compatibility are addressed.