Probabilistic counting algorithms for data base applications
Journal of Computer and System Sciences
SenSay: A Context-Aware Mobile Phone
ISWC '03 Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers
Audio Networking: The Forgotten Wireless Technology
IEEE Pervasive Computing
ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review
Fast and reliable estimation schemes in RFID systems
Proceedings of the 12th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Studying Bluetooth Malware Propagation: The BlueBag Project
IEEE Security and Privacy
BeepBeep: a high accuracy acoustic ranging system using COTS mobile devices
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Cardinality Estimation for Large-scale RFID Systems
PERCOM '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Sixth Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications
Peopletones: a system for the detection and notification of buddy proximity on mobile phones
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Nericell: rich monitoring of road and traffic conditions using mobile smartphones
Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems
Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems
Neary: conversation field detection based on similarity of auditory situation
Proceedings of the 10th workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications
SoundSense: scalable sound sensing for people-centric applications on mobile phones
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
A framework of energy efficient mobile sensing for automatic user state recognition
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
SurroundSense: mobile phone localization via ambience fingerprinting
Proceedings of the 15th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Rootkits on smart phones: attacks, implications and opportunities
Proceedings of the Eleventh Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems & Applications
Ear-phone: an end-to-end participatory urban noise mapping system
Proceedings of the 9th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks
INSS'09 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Networked sensing systems
Darwin phones: the evolution of sensing and inference on mobile phones
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
MoVi: mobile phone based video highlights via collaborative sensing
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Participatory noise pollution monitoring using mobile phones
Information Polity - Government 2.0: Making Connections between citizens, data and government
EmotionSense: a mobile phones based adaptive platform for experimental social psychology research
Proceedings of the 12th ACM international conference on Ubiquitous computing
Acoustic source localization of everyday sounds using wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 12th ACM international conference adjunct papers on Ubiquitous computing - Adjunct
The Jigsaw continuous sensing engine for mobile phone applications
Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
TagSense: a smartphone-based approach to automatic image tagging
MobiSys '11 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Indoor localization without infrastructure using the acoustic background spectrum
MobiSys '11 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
SpeakerSense: energy efficient unobtrusive speaker identification on mobile phones
Pervasive'11 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Pervasive computing
Spartacus: spatially-aware interaction for mobile devices through energy-efficient audio sensing
Proceeding of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Crowd++: unsupervised speaker count with smartphones
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM international joint conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing
Understanding the coverage and scalability of place-centric crowdsensing
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM international joint conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing
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With mobile devices becoming ubiquitous, collaborative applications have become increasingly pervasive. In these applications, there is a strong need to obtain a count of the number of mobile devices present in an area, as it closely approximates the size of the crowd. Ideally, a crowd counting solution should be easy to deploy, scalable, energy efficient, be minimally intrusive to the user and reasonably accurate. Existing solutions using data communication or RFID do not meet these criteria. In this paper, we propose a crowd counting solution based on audio tones, leveraging the microphones and speaker phones that are commonly available on most phones, tackling all the above criteria. We have implemented our solution on 25 Android phones and run several experiments at a bus stop, aboard a bus, within a cafeteria and a classroom. Experimental evaluations show that we are able to achieve up to 90% accuracy and consume 81% less energy than the WiFi interface in idle mode.