System Lifetime Optimization for Heterogeneous Sensor Networks with a Hub-Spoke Topology
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Cell-based Distributed Addressing Technique Using Clustered Backbone Approach
ITNG '07 Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology
Energy-Aware Virtual Backbone Tree for Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
ICNS '07 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Networking and Services
Energy Balancing Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network
NSWCTC '09 Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing - Volume 01
REEF: a reliable and energy efficient framework for wireless sensor networks
COMSNETS'09 Proceedings of the First international conference on COMmunication Systems And NETworks
A Self Organizing Multihop Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
MSN '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Fifth International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks
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In a tree-structured ZigBee wireless sensor network, nodes close to the root of the tree (i.e., hot-spot nodes) may exhaust their power earlier than those distant from the root due to heavy loads on packet forwarding. This hot-spot problem is inherent in tree-structured networks and may demand extra energy to recover from failures of hot-spot nodes. In this paper, the backbone-aware topology formation (BATF) scheme is proposed to alleviate the hot-spot problem. BATF utilizes power-rich nodes to form a backbone tree that does not suffer from the hot-spot problem. Each power-rich node independently initiates a ZigBee tree network that attracts associations from ZigBee-compliant devices in order to distribute packet-forwarding loads over a larger set of nodes. Issues of BATF such as the partition of address space and ZigBee-compliant routing are discussed in detail. Simulation results confirm that BATF does alleviate the hot-spot problem as it improves network lifetime as well as data collection capability. Comparisons with native ZigBee protocols show that the improvement comes from our protocol design rather than simply introducing power-rich nodes.