Energy Consumption Issues on Mobile Network Systems
SAINT '08 Proceedings of the 2008 International Symposium on Applications and the Internet
Dynamic idle mode procedures for femtocells
Bell Labs Technical Journal - Green Information and Communications Technology (ICT) for Eco-Sustainability
Modelling and optimization of power consumption in wireless access networks
Computer Communications
The evolution to 4G cellular systems: LTE-Advanced
Physical Communication
An empirically based path loss model for wireless channels in suburban environments
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
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Optical/wireless convergence has become of particular interest recently because a combined radio wireless and optical wired network has the potential to provide both mobility and high bandwidth in an efficient way. Recent developments of new radio access technologies such as the Long Term Evolution (LTE) and introduction of femtocell base stations open new perspectives in providing broadband services and applications to everyone and everywhere, but the instantaneous quality of radio channel varies in time, space and frequency and radio communication is inherently energy inefficient and susceptible to reflections and interference. On the other hand, optical fiber-based networks do not provide mobility, but they are robust, energy efficient, and able to provide both an almost unlimited bandwidth and high availability. In this paper, we analyze the energy efficiency of combined wireless/optical access networks, in which LTE technology provides ubiquitous broadband Internet access, while optical fiber-based technologies serve as wireless backhaul and offer high-bandwidth wired Internet access to business and residential customers. In this contest, we pay a particular attention to femtocell deployment for increasing both access data rates and area coverage. The paper presents a novel model for evaluating the energy efficiency of combined optical/wireless networks that takes into account the main architectural and implementational aspects of both RF wireless and optical parts of the access network. Several hypothetical network deployment scenarios are defined and used to study effects of femtocell deployment and power saving techniques on network's energy efficiency in urban, suburban and rural areas and for different traffic conditions.