Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Emergence: from chaos to order
Emergence: from chaos to order
Darwin among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence
Darwin among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence
Toward a formalization of emergence
Artificial Life
Properties of a Formal Method for Prediction of Emergent Behaviors in Swarm-Based Systems
SEFM '04 Proceedings of the Software Engineering and Formal Methods, Second International Conference
Flash crowd in a file sharing system based on random encounters
Interperf '06 Proceedings from the 2006 workshop on Interdisciplinary systems approach in performance evaluation and design of computer & communications sytems
Emergent (mis)behavior vs. complex software systems
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGOPS/EuroSys European Conference on Computer Systems 2006
Principles of Model Checking (Representation and Mind Series)
Principles of Model Checking (Representation and Mind Series)
Machine Vision and Applications
Applying causal inference to understand emergent behavior
Proceedings of the 40th Conference on Winter Simulation
Detecting Emergence in Social Networks
SOCIALCOM '10 Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Second International Conference on Social Computing
Quantitative Emergence -- A Refined Approach Based on Divergence Measures
SASO '10 Proceedings of the 2010 Fourth IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems
PADS '12 Proceedings of the 2012 ACM/IEEE/SCS 26th Workshop on Principles of Advanced and Distributed Simulation
An integrated approach for the validation of emergence in component-based simulation models
Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference
Interaction metric of emergent behaviors in agent-based simulation
Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference
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Emergence is a distinguishing feature in systems, especially when complexity grows with the number of components, interactions, and connectivity. There is immense interest in emergence, and a plethora of definitions from philosophy to sciences. Despite this, there is a lack of consensus on the definition of emergence and this hinders the development of a formal approach to understand and predict emergent behavior in multi-agent systems. This paper proposes a grammar-based set-theoretic approach to formalize and verify the existence and extent of emergence without prior knowledge or definition of emergent properties. Our approach is based on weak (basic) emergence that is both generated and autonomous from the underlying agents. In contrast with current work, our approach has two main advantages. By focusing only on system interactions of interest and feasible combinations of individual agent behavior, state-space explosion is reduced. In formalizing emergence, our extended grammar is designed to model agents of diverse types, mobile agents, and open systems. Theoretical and experimental studies using the boids model demonstrate the complexity of our formal approach.