IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Robust Face Detection Using the Hausdorff Distance
AVBPA '01 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Robust head pose estimation using supervised manifold learning
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Computer vision: Part VI
Face alignment by Explicit Shape Regression
CVPR '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)
Random Forests for Real Time 3D Face Analysis
International Journal of Computer Vision
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The main challenge of facial landmark localization in real-world application is that the large changes of head pose and facial expressions cause substantial image appearance variations. To avoid high dimensional regression in the 3D and 2D facial pose spaces simultaneously, we propose a hierarchical pose regression approach, estimating the head rotation, facial components and landmarks hierarchically. The regression process works in a unified cascaded fern framework. We present generalized gradient boosted ferns (GBFs) for the regression framework, which give better performance than traditional ferns. The framework also achieves real time performance. We verify our method on the latest benchmark datasets. The results show that it outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both accuracy and speed.