Measurements from an 802.11b Mobile Ad Hoc Network
WOWMOM '06 Proceedings of the 2006 International Symposium on on World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks
Impact of Human Mobility on Opportunistic Forwarding Algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Adaptive contact probing mechanisms for delay tolerant applications
Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Very low-cost internet access using KioskNet
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review
MobiClique: middleware for mobile social networking
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM workshop on Online social networks
Energy consumption in mobile phones: a measurement study and implications for network applications
Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement conference
Power-Law Distributions in Empirical Data
SIAM Review
Markov-optimal sensing policy for user state estimation in mobile devices
Proceedings of the 9th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks
An analysis of power consumption in a smartphone
USENIXATC'10 Proceedings of the 2010 USENIX conference on USENIX annual technical conference
Cellular traffic offloading through opportunistic communications: a case study
Proceedings of the 5th ACM workshop on Challenged networks
Self-constructive high-rate system energy modeling for battery-powered mobile systems
MobiSys '11 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
MobiCom '11 Proceedings of the 17th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
WiFi-Opp: ad-hoc-less opportunistic networking
CHANTS '11 Proceedings of the 6th ACM workshop on Challenged networks
Twitter in disaster mode: security architecture
Proceedings of the Special Workshop on Internet and Disasters
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By using device-to-device communication, opportunistic networks promise to fill the gap left by infrastructure-based networks in remote areas, to support communication in disaster and emergency situations, as well as to enable new local social networking applications. Yet, to become feasible in practice and accepted by the users, it is crucial that opportunistic communication is energy-efficient. In this paper, we measure and analyze the energy consumption of today's device-to-device communication technologies: Wi-Fi Direct, Bluetooth and WLAN-Opp (a solution based on the WLAN access point mode). We compare the energy consumption of individual operations such as neighbor discovery and connection establishment/maintenance across the different standards. We find that all of these technologies suffer from two problems. First, neighbor discovery is expensive and can quickly drain the battery if implemented carelessly. We analyze this by measuring the impact of scanning frequency on battery lifetime for the different technologies. Second, all technologies suffer from unfairness issues once a connection is established. The ``host'' of a connection consumes two to five times the energy of a "client". We propose strategies to increase fairness by alternating the hosting role among the peers. We compute the frequency of switching roles based on the distribution of the residual connection time, to achieve a good trade-off between fairness and switching cost.